STUDY    OUTLINE    SERIES 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE 


PREPARED   BY 

ANNA  LORRAINE  GUTHRIE 


THE  H.  w.  WILSON  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK 
1917 


The  Study  Outline  and  Its  Use 

The  series  includes  outlines  on  art,  literature, 
travel,  biography,  history  and  present  day  ques- 
tions. 

The  outlines  vary  in  length.  If  more  topics 
are  given  than  the  number  of  club  meetings  for 
the  season,  those  topics  that  are  more  difficult 
to  handle  or  on  which  there  is  less  available 
material,  may  be  dropped.  If  there  are  fewer 
topics  than  the  scheduled  meetings,  certain  topics 
may  be  divided. 

Lists  of  books  are  appended  to  most  of  the 
outlines.  It  would  be  well  for  the  club  to  own 
some  of  the  recommended  books.  Others  can 
be  obtained  either  from  the  local  public  library 
or  from  the  state  traveling  library.  When  very 
full  lists  are  given  it  is  not  necessary  for  any 
club  to  use  all  the  books,  but  the  longer  list  gives 
more  room  for  choice. 

The  best  material  on  some  subjects  may  be 
found,  not  in  books,  but  in  magazines.  These 
may  be  looked  up  under  the  subject  in  the 
Reader J  Guide  to  Periodical  Literature.  Maga- 
zine articles  and  illustrated  material  may  be  ob- 
tained from  the  Wilson  Package  Library.  For 
terms  see  fourth  page  of  cover. 

A  list  of  the  study  outlines  now  in  print  will  be 
found  on  page  three  of  this  cover.  For  later 
additions  to  the  list  write  to  publisher. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE 


A  STUDY  OUTLINE 


PREPARED  BY 

ANNA  LORRAINE  GUTHRIE 


THE  H.  W.  WILSON  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK 
1917 


PRESERVATION 

COPV'ADOED 
ORIGINAL  TO  BE 
^RETAINED 

,,AR  2  2  i> 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

Prince  Kropotkin  says  "In  no  country  does  literature  v*™ 
occupy  so  influential  a  position  as  in  Russia."  This 
being  the  case,  if  one  would  understand  Russia  and  the 
Russians  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  familiarize 
one's  self  with  Russian  literature.  The  rewards  for  so 
doing  are  great,  for  one  finds  here  some  of  "the 
supreme  heaven-dwellers  in  the  Pantheon  of  Literature." 
No  literature  "is  more  individual,  more  characteristic, 
more  distinctly  national,  more  sharply,  radically,  diamet- 
rically and  unmistakably  different  from  all  other  litera- 
tures, past  and  present."  No  portrayals  of  social  and 
individual  life  are  more  realistic. 

By  universal  consent  Tolstoy,  Turgenev  and  Dosto- 
evski take  the  foremost  rank  in  Russian  letters,  and  for 
this  reason  they  are  accorded  a  major  place  in  this 
Outline. 

If  any  club  wishes  to  cover  the  ground  in  less  than 
sixteen  meetings,  programs  one,  two  or  three  may  be 
eliminated,  or  the  two  meetings  each  given  to  Turgenev 
and  Dostoevski  may  be  consolidated  into  one. 

The  initial  meeting  covers  the  folk-lore  and  folk-songs. 
Especial  interest  attaches  to  these,  as  they  have  been 
orally  handed  down  even  to  the  present  time.  The 
attempts  at  literature  from  the  time  of  the  epic  age  to 
Peter  the  Great  are  not  vitally  interesting,  and  hence 
are  omitted. 

There, is  a  wide  divergence  in  the  English  spelling  of 
Russian  names  and  consistency  is  almost  impossible  of 
attainment.  Since  Webster's  Dictionary  is  always  avail- 
able, and  since  it  follows  somewhat  closely  Wiener's 
"Anthology  of  Russian  Literature,"  which  has  been  cited 
throughout  the  Outline,  the  spelling  and  dates  found  in 
Webster  have  been  given  preference. 

In  the  case  of  the  lesser  known  writers  only  Wiener's 
"Anthology"  and  texts  found  in  periodicals  have  been 


4  INTRODUCTORY    NOTE 

cited  uncier  Recommended  Reading.  Clubs  that  wish  to 
study  ^  these  writers  further  ,rr>ay  be  fortunate  enough  to 
find  translations  in  their  library,  or  they  may  purchase 
them. 

Some  of  the  books  mentioned  in  the  bibliography  are 
not  now  in  print,  but  as  the  list  of  authorities  on  Russian 
literature  is  not -a  large  one  it  has  been  thought  wise  to 
make  references  to  them,  as  they  may  already  be  on  the 
library  shelves.  Material  found  in  books  not  containing 
sufficient  matter  to  recommend  for  purchase  has  not  been 
mentioned,  neither  have  biographies  been  referred  to.  A 
number  of  references  to  old  periodicals  are  given,  since 
there  is  a  dearth  of  material  about  some  authors.  These, 
of  course,  will  be  found  in  the  larger  libraries  only. 

In  planning  the  work  for  the  separate  meetings  it  is 
suggested  that  the  two  individuals  responsible  for  the 
papers  may  either  do  all  the  work  themselves,  they  may 
assign  the  points  for  each  paper  to  different  members, 
or  they  may  ask  the  club  as  a  whole  to  look  them  up. 

The  Recommended  Reading  represents  the  general 
consensus  of  opinion  of  critics  as  to  the  best  work  of 
the  various  authors. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  quotations  given  may  stimulate  an 
interest  in,  and  a  better  understanding  of  the  different 
writers. 


CONTENTS 

I.     THE  EPIC  AGE 

1.  Epic  Poetry  and    "The    Word  of  Igor's 

Armament"    7 

2.  Folk-Songs  and  Folk-Lore 7 

II.     TIME  OF  PETER  THE  GREAT  AND  CATHERINE 
THE  GREAT 

1.  Peter   the   Great    9 

2.  Catherine  the  Great   10 

III.  EARLY  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  AUTHORS 

1.  Age  of  Alexander  1 12 

2.  A  Dramatist  and  Two  Poets 13 

IV.  PUSHKIN,  BYELINSKI  AND  HERZEN 

1.  Aleksandr     Sergyeevich     Pushkin,     1799- 

1837   16 

2.  Byelinski  and  Herzen    18 

V.     NIKOLAY  VASILEVICH  GOGOL,   1809-1852 

1.  Gogol  the  Man  and  Literary  Craftsman. .     19 

2.  Gogol's  Writings  19 

VI.     IVAN  SERGYEEVICH  TURGENEV,  1818-1883 

1.  Turgenev  the  Man   22 

2.  Turgenev  the  Artist  22 

VII.     IVAN  SERGYEEVICH  TURGENEV,  1818-1883— 
(Continued) 

1.  Turgenev  the   Novelist    23 

2.  Turgenev  the  Novelist  (Continued) 23 

VIII.     LEO  NIKOLAEVICH  TOLSTOY,   1828-1910 

1.  Tolstoy's   Life    26 

2.  Tolstoy  the  Educator,  Reformer  and  Phi- 

losopher       26 


O  CONTENTS 

IX.     LEO    NIKOLAEVICH    TOLSTOY,     1828-1916— 
(Continued) 

1.  Tolstoy  the  Literary  Artist 28 

2.  Tolstoy  as   Seen  in   His   Writings 28 

X.     LEO    NIKOLAEVICH    TOLSTOY,     1828-1910 — 
(Continued) 

1.  Tolstoy's  Two  Greatest  Novels 29 

2.  His  Lesser  Novels  and  Short  Stories. . .     29 

XI.     FEODOR   MIKHAYLOVICH   DOSTOEVSKI,    1821- 
1881 

1.  Dostoevski  the  Man   34 

2.  Dostoevski  the  Writer   34 

XII.     DOSTOEVSKI  THE  NOVELIST 

1.  His  Novels   35 

2.  His  Novels  (Continued)    35 

XIII.  RECENT  POETRY,  DRAMA,  SATIRE  AND  FIC- 

TION 

1.  Poetry,  Drama  and   Satire 38 

2.  Fiction   39 

XIV.  SHORT  STORY  WRITERS 

1.  Garshin,     Kuprin,     Sologub     and     Other 

Short  Stories    41 

2.  Korolenko  and  Andreev 42 

XV.     ANTON     PAVLOVICH     CHEKHOV      (TCHEK- 
HOFF),  1860-1904 

1.  Chekhov  the  Man  and  Dramatist 45 

2.  Chekhov  the  Story-Teller 45 

XVI.     MAXIM  GORKY,  PSEUD.    (ALEXEI  MAXIMO- 
VICH  PYESHKOFF),  1868- 

1.  Gorky,  the  Man  and  Literary  Artist 47 

2.  Gorky  the  Story-Teller  and  Dramatist...     47 
BIBLIOGRAPHY  50 

Recommended  Texts   52 


STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 
RUSSIAN   LITERATURE 

I 

THE  EPIC  AGE 

Their  songs  and  myths  are  the  music  of  history,  embracing 
the  whole  national  life,  and  changing  it  into  dreams  and 
fancies.  .  .  .  Later  when  Russia  matures  true  poets,  they 
have  but  to  dip  into  these  sources  to  fill  their  own  treasure 
troves.  They  will  never  create  anything  as  good.  .  .  .  There 
is  far  more  grandeur  to  be  found  in  the  imagination  of  that 
unknown  author — the  people — in  his  humble  heart^  far  more 
poetry  because  of  its  greater  faith,  greater  simplicity,  greater 
sorrow. — E.  M.  de  Vogue. 

1.  Epic  poetry  and  "The  word  of  Igor's  armament." 
a  The  bilini. 

b  "The  word  of  Igor's  armament,"  with  a  selection. 

2.  Folk-songs  and  folk-lore. 

a  The  folk-songs  and  their  preservation. 
b  The  folk-lore. 
c  The  fairy  tales. 

Recommended  Reading 

The  folklore.    In  Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  I, 

p.  161-201. 
The  word  of  Igor's  armament.    In  Wiener.  Anthology  of  Russian 

literature,  v.  I,  p.  80-96. 

References 

Baring.    Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  14-18. 
Brandes.    Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  187-203. 
Hapgood.    Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  6-38. 
Kropotkin.     Russian  literature,  p.  7-14;  Same,  Kropotkin.  Ideals 
and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  7-14. 


8  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

Pardo-Bazan.    Russia:  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.   156-9. 

Vogue.     The  Russian  novel,  p.  40-4. 

Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  I,  p.  18-26,  163-201. 

Contemporary  Review.  110:240-8.  Aug.  '16.  The  Russian  bilini. 
Helen  Chrouschoff  Matheson. 

Critic.  41 :50-8,  148-57.  July,  Aug.  '02.  Sketch  of  Russian  liter- 
ature. Leo  Wiener. 

Living  Age.  236:  370-6.  Feb.  7,  '03.  Songs  of  the  Russian  people. 
A.  E.  Keeton. 

Living  Age.   250:168-71.  July  21,  '06.   "Songs  before  sunrise." 

Living  Age.  275:606-13.  Dec.  7,  '12.  Russian  lyrical  poetry. 
Leonard  Magnus. 

Nineteenth  Century.  78:1145-60.  Nov.  '15.  Peasant  songs  of 
Russia.  C.  Hapberg  Wright. 

Nineteenth  Century.  79:912-19.  Apr.  '16.  A  Russian  byliny. 
C.  Hapberg  Wright. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  Q 

II 

TIME  OF  PETER  THE  GREAT  AND  CATHERINE  THE  GREAT 

1.     Peter  the  Great. 

a  Mikhail  Vasilevich  Lomonosov,  1711-1765. 

He  was  the  first  writer  who  dared  to  be  Russian 
in  his  art. — William  Hepworth  Dixon. 

(1)  Sketch  of  his  life. 

(2)  His  poetry. 

(3)  His  versatility. 

(4)  His  influence  on  Russian  language  and  litera- 
ture. 

(5)  Reading:  Morning  meditation. 

In  Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v. 
1,  p.  252-3. 

Turner.     Studies  in  Russian  literature,  p.  13-14'. 
b  Demetrius  Kantemir,  1708-1744. 

His  satires  are  thoroughly  national   living  pic- 
tures of  Russian  manners  at  the  time  of  their  com- 
position.— Charles  Edward  Turner. 
(1)   His  poems  and  satires. 
c  Aleksandr  Petrovich  Sumarokov,  1718-1777. 

His  great  merit  remains  in  his  having  put  real 
life  into  the  Russian  stage. — A.  Bruckner. 

( 1 )  His  dramatic  work. 

(2)  His  influence  on  the  development  of  the  Rus- 
sian drama. 

Recommended  Reading 
Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v    I,  p.  223-9,  241-62. 

References 

Brandes.    Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  208-17. 
Bruckner.     Literary   history   of    Russia,   p.    76-8,   81-8. 
Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  69-70,  72-8. 
Kropotkin.    Russian  literature,  p.  23-5 ;  Same.  Kropotkin.    Ideals 
and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  23-5. 


10  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

Turner.     Studies  in  Russian  literature,  p.  133,  46-60. 
Waliszewski.     History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  60-4,  69-84. 
Wolkonsky.     Pictures  of  Russian  history  and  Russian  literature. 
p.  138-44- 

Westminster  Review.     114:64-8.  July  '80.     The  peasant-poets  of 
Russia   (Lomonsov). 

2.     Catherine  the  Great. 

a  Catherine  the  Great,  1729-1796. 

Katherine  II  herself  may  be  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  writers  of  her  day,  in  virtue  not  only  of  her 
rank  and  her  encouragement  of  literature  at  home 
and  abroad,  but  because  of  her  own  writings, — 
Isabel  F.  Hap  good. 

(1)  Her  literary  productions. 

(2)  Her  influence  on  the  development  of  Russian 
literature. 

b  Denis  Ivanovich  von  Vizin,  1744-1792. 

He  is  the  representative  of  the  Russian  type,  in 
its  best  aspects,  during  the  reign  of  Katherine  II. — 
Isabel  F.  Hapgood. 
(1)   His  comedies  and  other  work. 

c  Gabriel  Romanovich  Derzhavin,  1743-1816. 

Of  all  the  poets  of  Russia,  Derzhavin  is,  in  my 
conception,  entitled  to  the  very  first  place.  .  .  .  His 
"Ode  to  God,"  with  the  exception  of  some  of  the 
wonderful  passages  of  the  Old  Testament  ...  is 
one  of  the  most  impressive  and  sublime  addresses  I 
am  acquainted  with,  on  a  subject  as  pre-eminently 
impressive  and  sublime. — Sir  John  Bowring. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  poems. 

(3)  His  "Ode  to  God/'  with  selections. 

In  Wiener.  Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v. 
1,  p.  379-82. 

Chautauquan.     10:206-9.     Nov.  '89. 

Recommended  Reading 

Wiener.     Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  i,  p.  272-87,  34J-58, 
379-92. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  II 

References 

Brandes.     Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  117-22. 
Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  90-102,  126-31. 
Hapgood.    Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  80-96. 
Turner.    Studies  in  Russian  literature,  p.  34-45,  61-94. 
Waliszewski.     History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  88-103,   106-112. 
Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  I,  p.  28-33. 
Wolkonsky.     Picture  of  Russian  history  and  Russian  literature. 

p.  147-63- 
Chautauquan.     10 : 206-9.  Nov.  '89.     Derzhavin's  "Ode  to  God" 

[text  with  comments].  Nathan  Haskell  Dole. 


12  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

III 

EARLY  NINETEENTH  CENTURY  AUTHORS 

1.     Age  of  Alexander  I. 

a  Nikolai  Mikhailovich  Karamzin,  1766-1826. 

Karamzin  by  his  monumental  work,  "The  history 
of  the  Russian  state,"  did  in  literature  what  the 
great  war  of  1812  had  done  in  national  life.  He 
awakened  the  national  consciousness  and  created  a 
lasting  interest  in  the  history  of  the  nation,  in  the 
making  of  the  empire,  in  the  evolution  of  national 
character  and  institutions. — Prince  Kropotkin. 

(1)  His-  service  to  Russian  literature. 

(2)  His   novels:   "Poor   Liza"   and  "Natalia,  the 
boyar's  daughter." 

(3)  His  "Letters  of  a  Russian  traveler." 

(4)  His  "History  of  Russia." 

b  Vasili    Andreevich    Zhukovski    [Jukovsky],    1783- 
1852. 

The  tender  poet  of  romantic  melancholy. — Prince 
Serge  Wolkonsky. 

The  most  original  translator  in  the  world's  litera- 
ture.— A.  Bruckner. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  poems. 

(3)  His  translations. 

c  Ivan  Andreevich  Krylov,  1768-1844. 

Kryloff  may  be  taken  as  the  greatest  fable  writer 
not  only  of  Russia  .  .  .  but  also  of  all  nations  of 
modern  times. — Prince  Kropotkin. 

Their  style  [that  of  his  fables]  pleases  the  un- 
lettered by  its  simplicity,  and  is  the  envy  and  de- 
spair of  the  artist  in  its  supreme  art.  .  .  .  His 
work  bears  the  stamp  of  ageless  modernity.  .  .  . 


RUSSIAN   LITERATURE  13 

It  has  also  the  peculiarly  Russian  quality  of  un- 
exaggerated    realism. — Maurice  Baring. 

(1)  Krylov's  life. 

(2)  His  fables,  with  examples.    See  Wiener.    An- 
thology of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  41-6. 

Recommended  Reading 
Wiener.     Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  27-46,  55-67. 

References 

Baring.     Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  32-42. 

Brandes.     Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  222-7. 

Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  120-3,  148-50,  168-74. 

Hapgood.    Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  102-12. 

Kropotkin.    Russian  literature,  p.  60-1 ;  Same.  Kropotkin.    Ideals 

and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  60-1. 
Turner.     Studies  in  Russian  literature,  p.  95-154. 
Vogue.  Russian  novel,  p.  48-52;  Same.  Vogue.  Russian  novelists. 

P-  36-43. 

Waliszewski.     History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  133-53. 
Wolkonsky.     Pictures  of  Russian  history  and  literature,  p.  175- 

84. 

2.     A  dramatist  and  two  poets. 

a  Alexsandr  Sergyeevich  Griboyedov,  1795-1829. 

It  was  a  time  that  was  already  vanishing  which, 
at  the  last  moment  Griboedov's  dramatic  lens 
caught:  soon  all  these  figures  were  to  belong  to 
history.  But  not  one  of  them  was  imaginary :  the 
public  was  attracted  or  repelled  by  the  fidelity  of 
this  gallery  of  portraits  of  ancestors  and  contempo- 
raries.— A.  Bruckner. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  dramas. 

(3)  "Intelligence     comes     to     grief '     ("Gore    ot 
ouma")    ("Woe  from  wit")    ("The  mischief  of 
being  clever")    ("The  misfortune  of  being  too 
clever"). 

(4)  His  other  work, 


14  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

b  Mikhail  Yurevich  Lermontov,  1814-1841. 

He  always  remains  so  true  to  nature  that  his 
picture  rises  before  the  eye  in  life-colours,  and  yet 
it  is  imbued  with  a  poetical  atmosphere  which 
makes  one  feel  the  freshness  of  these  mountains, 
the  balm  of  their  forests  and  meadows,  the  purity 
of  the  air.  And  all  this  is  written  in  verses  won- 
derfully musical. — Prince  Kropotkin. 

(1)  Lermentov's  life  and  its  relation  to  his  work. 

(2)  Nature  in  his  writings. 

(3)  His  prose  writings. 

(4)  His  poetry. 

(5)  Reading:  Selection  from  "The  demon." 

In  Wiener.  Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v. 
2,  p.  165-7. 

c  Aleksyey  Vasilevich  Koltsov,   1808-1842. 

His  poetical  taste  had  been  nurtured  by  the  popu- 
lar lays  of  his  country.  He  has  caught  their  col- 
ouring as  truly  as  Burns  did  that  of  the  Scottish 
minstrelsy.  He  is  unquestionably  the  most  national 
poet  that  Russia  has  produced. — W.  R.  Morfill. 

(1)  Kolstov's  life. 

(2)  His  poetry. 

(3)  His  portrayal  of  the  Russian  peasant. 

Recommended  Reading 

Intelligence  comes  to  grief.    In  Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian 

literature,  v.  2,  p.  93-101. 

"Intelligence  comes  to  grief"  is  the  greatest  national  drama 

of  Russia. — Leo  Winner. 
Wiener.  Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  92-101,  155-85. 

References 

Baring.     Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  45-51,  101-25. 
Brandes.    Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  236-43. 
Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  157-65,  218-36. 
Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  124-38,  142-5. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  15 

Kropotkin.    Russian  literature,  p.  50-9,  196-200;  Same.  Kropotkin. 

Ideals  and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  50-9,  196-200. 
Pardo-Bazan.     Russia:  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.   173-7. 
Turner.     Studies  in  Russian  literature,  p.  318-63. 
Waliszewski.    History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  182-7,  227-44. 
Wolkonsky.     Pictures  of  Russian  history  and  literature,  p.  209-12. 

Contemporary  Review.  23 :  734-8.  Apr.  '74.  Russian  idyls  (Kolt- 
sof).  W.  R.  S.  Ralston. 

Eclectic  Magazine.    53 :  167-76.  June  '61.    Michael  Lermontoff. 

Fortnightly  Review.  6:272-88.  Sept.  15,  '66.  A  Russian  poet 
(Koltsof).  W.  R.  S.  Ralston. 

Fortnightly  Review.  95:1113-21.  June  '11.  "The  misfortune 
of  being  clever."  Vladimir  Bariatinsky. 

Westminster  Review.  114:74-84.  July  '80.  Peasant-poets  of  Rus- 
sia (Koltsov). 


l6  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON      • 

IV 
PUSHKIN,  BYELINSKI  AND  HERZEN 

1.     Aleksandr  Sergyeevich  Pushkin,   1799-1837. 

The  uncrowned  Tsar  of  Russian  poetry. — Gregor 
Alexinsky. 

The  indescribable  music  of  verse,  its  full  sensuous- 
ness,  plasticity  too,  with  .nothing  blurred  or  indistinct, 
are  coupled  with  genuine  and  deep  feeling,  sincere 
melancholy,  and  lively  whims ;  if  he  lacks  the  pas- 
sionate glow  of  love  as  of  hate,  yet  in  his  creations 
he  always  achieves  that  balance  which  he  so  painfully 
missed  in  life. — A.  Bruckner. 

a  His  ancestry,  boyhood,  education  and  life  career. 
b  His  banishment  and  its  effect  on  his  work. 

c  His  choice  of  words  and  his  influence  on  the  Rus- 
sian language. 

d  Byron's  influence  on  Pushkin. 
e  His  poetry,  especially  "Evgeni  Onyegin." 
f  His  dramas,  especially  "Boris  Godunov." 
g  His  novels  and  short  stories,  especially  "The  Cap- 
tain's daughter." 
h  His  fairy  tales. 

i  His  position  in  Russian  literature. 
j  Reading:  "The  prophet/' 

Recommended  Reading 
Boris  Godunov. 

In  Warner's  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  20  or  30, 
p.  11912-17  (extract). 

Wiener.     Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.   143-7- 
(extract). 

The  tragedy  "Boris  Godunoff"  has  a  solemn  and  simple 
stateliness ;  one  feels  all  through  that  what  is  said  is  less  than 
half  of  what  is  thought.  The  atmosphere  of  the  unknown  is 
around  one  from  the  start. — Bernard  Pares. 
The  captain's  daughter.  In  Wiener.  Anthology  of  Russian  liter- 
ature, v.  2,  p.  125-31.  (extract). 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  IJ 

Of  Poushkin's  prose  writings,  the  most  remarkable  is  his 
historical  novel,  "The  captain's  daughter,"  in  which  we  have 
an  animated  narrative  of  the  Pbugatcheff   rising  in   1773. — 
Charles  Edward  Turner. 
Evgeni   Onyegin. 

In  Warner's  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  20  or  30, 
p.   11918-24    (extract). 

Wiener.  Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  131-3 
(extract). 

Many  Russians  consider  the  "Evgenie  Oniegin"  of  Pus- 
kin  to  be  his  best  effort. — William  R.  MorfilL 
The  prophet.    In  Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2, 
P-  137. 

His  noblest  poem.  .  .  .  Such  a  poem  could  not  have  been 
written  out  of  Russia  nor  by  other  than  a  Russian  hand. — 
William  W .  Newton. 

The  snow-storm.    In  Lippincott's  Magazine.     91 :  365-74.  March 
'13. 

"The  snow-storm"  seems  to  me  to  be  Pushkin's  greatest 
short  story. — Lippincott's  Magazine. 
Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  122-49. 

References 

Baring.    Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  54-100. 
Brandes.     Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  228-36. 
Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  178-210. 
Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  113-21. 
Kropotkin.     Russian  literature,  p.  39-50;  Same.  Kropotkin.    Ideals 

and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  39-50. 
Pardo-Bazan.     Russia:  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.  165-73. 
Turner.     Studies  in  Russian  Literature,  p.  209-317. 
Vogue.    The  Russian  novel,  p.  55-86;   Same.  Vogue.     Russian 

novelists,  p.  44-50. 

Waliszewski.     History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  154-79. 
Warner's  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  20  or  30,  p. 

11904-11. 

Wolkonsky.    Pictures  of  Russian  history  and  Russian  literature, 
p.  184-203. 

Cosmopolitan.      28 : 307-14.   Jan.    'oo.      Pushkin    and   his   work. 

Zenaide  Ragozin. 
Lippincott's  Magazine.    91 : 357-65.  March  '13.     Pushkin  and  the 

new  era. 

Living  Age.    33 : 454-7.  June  5,  '52.    Alexander  Pouchkine. 
Westminster   Review.      114:69-74.   July   '80.      Peasant-poets   of 

Russia. 


l8  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

2.     Byelinski  and  Herzen. 

a  Vissarion  Grigorevich  Byelinski  (Bielinski),  1810- 
1848. 

The  real  creator  of  Russian  literary  and  jour- 
nalistic criticism. — A.  Bruckner. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  Byelinski  as  a  critic. 

(3)  His  influence  on  Russian  authors. 

b  Alexander  Herzen    (Gertsen),   1812-1870. 

He  is  as  a  spirit,  among  the  Russians  of  this 
century,  what  the  year  1848  is  among  the  years  of 
the  century.  He  is  the  year  1848  in  human  form, 
an  incarnation  of  all  the  ideas  which  that  year 
came  to  the  front  and  of  all  the  noble  struggles  for 
liberty  which  were  then  set  in  motion. — Georg 
Brandes. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  writings. 

(3)  His  influence. 

Recommended  Reading 

Byelinski.  The  natural  school.  In  Wiener.  Anthology  of  Rus- 
sian literature,  p.  206-16. 

Herzen.  Slavophiles  and  Panslavisim.  In  Wiener.  Anthology 
of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  237-42. 

References 

Baring.    Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  150-3. 
Brandes.     Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  555-62. 

Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  274-83,  299-308,  312-16. 
Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  139-41. 
Kropotkin.    Russian  literature,  p.  271-5,  288-90;  Same.  Kropotkin. 

Ideals  and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  271-5,  288-90. 
Pardo-Bazan.    Russia :  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.  132-40. 
Waliszewski.     History  of  Russian  literature,  p.   197-203,  301-9. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE 


NIKOLAY  VASILEVICH  GOGOL,    1809-1852 

The  delineation  of  Gogol's  character  is  constantly  marked 
by  a  rare  fidelity  to  human  nature.  .  .  .  They  are  actual 
types  of  common  life,  sketched  with  a  keen  knowledge  of  the 
sphere  in  which  they  move,  and  in  their  every  word  and  act 
we  are  made  to  feel  that  they  are  kin  with  ourselves.  Most 
of  them  seem  to  be  old  acquaintances  whom  we  have  come 
across  more  than  once.  —  Charles  Edward  Turner. 

The  truthfulness  of  Gogol  to  reality  is  almost  ethnograph- 
ical, without  ever  ceasing  to  be  poetical.  All  the  superstitions 
of  a  village  life  on  Christmas  eve  or  during  a  midnight  night, 
when  the  mischievous  spirits  and  goblins  get  free  till  the  cock 
crows,  are  brought  before  the  reader,  and  at  the  same  time 
we  have  all  the  wittiness  which  is  inborn  in  the  Little  Russian. 
—  Prince  Kropotkin. 

1.  Gogol  the  man  and  literary  craftsman. 
a  His  education  and  life  career. 

b  Influence  of  his  early  surroundings  on  his  work. 

c  His  friendship  with  Pushkin. 

d  His  career  as  a  university  lecturer. 

e  His  nature  descriptions. 

/  His  style. 

g  His  place  in  Russian  literature. 

2.  Gogol's  writings. 

a  "Evenings  at  the  farm/'  with  reading  :  The  Dnieper. 
In  Dupuy.     Great  masters  of  Russian  literature. 
p.  15-18. 

Wiener.     Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2, 
p.  187-8. 

b  "Tavas  Bulba,"  with  readings. 
c  "Dead  souls." 

d  "The  revizor"  ("The  inspector  general"). 
e  His  other  work. 

Recommended  Reading 

The  cloak.    In  Lippincott's  Magazine.    92  :  249-62.  Aug  '13. 

His  genius  was  essentially  realistic  and  satiric.  It  expressed 
itself  best  in  a  short  story,  "The  overcoat."  —  G.  R.  Noyes. 


20  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

Dead  souls.    In  Wiener.   Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2, 
p.  199-205  (extract). 

Its  effect  has  never  ceased  increasing  as  a  personification 
of  the  Russia  of  modern  times.  It  has  for  forty  years  been 
the  foundation  of  the  wit  of  the  entire  nation.  Every  joke 
has  passed  into  a  proverb  and  the  sayings  of  its  characters 
have  become  household  words. — E.  M.  de  Vogue. 

Nobody  except  Gogol  has  given  us  the  ordinary  cheerful 
Russian  man  in  the  street,  with  his  crying  faults,  his  abstract- 
ive good  qualities,  and  his  overflowing  good  human  nature 
.  .  .  Anyone  who  reads  Gogol's  early  stories,  even  "Dead 
souls"  will  understand  the  inexplicable  fascination  hidden  in 
a  country  which  seems  at  first-sight  so  devoid  of  outward  and 
superficial  attraction,  in  a  people  whose  defects  are  so  obvious 
and  unconcealed.— Maurice  Baring. 

Evenings  at  the  farm :   A  may  evening.    In  Cosmopolitan.     3 : 
186-8.  May  '87. 

Every  one  of  these  stories  smells  of  the  south  Russian  soil, 
and  is  overflowing  with  sunshine,  good-humor,  and  a  mellow 
charm.  .  .  .  The  sunshine  and  laughter  of  the  south  of 
Russia  rise  before  us  from  every  page  of  these  stories  of 
Gogol's. — Maurice  Baring. 

The  revizor  (The  inspector-general). 

In  Warner,  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  n  or  16, 

p.  6461-66    (extract). 

Wiener.     Anthology   of    Russian   literature,    v.   2,   p.    188-99 

(extract). 

Revizor  exhibits  clearly  the  double  nature  of  the  author — 
his  genius  for  moral  satire  and  his  genius  for  pure  fun.^  From 
the  moral  point  of  view,  it  is  a  terrible  indictment  against  the 
most  corrupt  bureaucracy  of  modern  times :  from  the  comic 
point  of  view,  it  is  an  uproarious  farce. — William  Lyon  Phelps. 

Tavas  Bulba.     In  Dupuy.     Great  masters  of  Russian  literature, 
p.  363-82  (extract). 

The  most  Homeric  romance  in  Russian  literature  ...  to 
day  in  the  world's  fiction  it  holds  an  unassailable  place  in  the 
front  rank.  ...  In  this  story  the  old  Cossacks,  centuries 
dead,  have  a  genuine  resurrection  of  the  body.  They  appear 
before  us  in  all  their  amazing  vitality,  their  love  of  fighting, 
of  eating  and  drinking,  their  intense  patriotism,  and  their 
blazing  devotion  to  their  religious  faith.  Never  was  a  book 
more  plainly  inspired  by  passion  for  race  and  native  land. 
It  is  one  tremendous  shout  of  joy.  These  Cossacks  are  the 
veritable  children  of  the  steppes  and  their  vast  passions,  their 
Homeric  laughter,  their  absolute  recklessness  in  battle,  are 
simply  an  expression  of  the  boundless  range  of  the  mighty 
landscape. — William  Lyon  Phelps. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  21 

References 

Baring.    Landmarks  in  Russian  literature,  p.  39-76. 

Baring.    Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  126-41. 

Brandes.    Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  244-50. 

Bruckner.     Literary  history   of   Russia,   p.   244-66. 

Dupuy.    Great  masters  of  Russian  literature,  p.  5-115,  339-82. 

Hapgood.    Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  146-59. 

Kropotkin.  Russian  literature,  p.  67-86;  Same.  Kropotkin.  Ideals 
and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  67-86. 

Pardo-Bazan.     Russia;  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.  178-208. 

Phelps.    Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  35-61. 

Turner.     Studies  in  Russian  literature,  p.  155-208. 

Vogue.  Russian  novel,  p.  87-142;  Same.  Vogue.  Russian  novel- 
ists, p.  56-87. 

Waliszewsky.    History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  246-65.      '? 

Warner.  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  n  or  16,  p. 
6455-61. 

Wolkonsky.  Pictures  of  Russian  history  and  Russian  literature, 
p.  217-27. 

Atlantic.  60 :  199-206.  Aug.  '87.  Spell  of  the  Russian  writers. 
Harriet  Waters  Preston. 

Current  Literature.  47 :  164-5.  Aug.  '09.  Gogol's  centenary  festi- 
val in  Moscow. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.  92 : 242-9.  Aug.  '13.  Gogol,  the  first  Rus- 
sian realist. 

Living  Age.  202 : 489-97.  Aug.  25,  '94.  Gogol,  the  father  of  Rus- 
sian realism.  Arthur  Tilley. 

Living  Age.  287:312-15.  Oct.  3,  '15.  The  Russian  Pickwick. 
Alice  Birkhead. 

Living  Age.  290:369-73.  Aug.  5,  '16.  "Dead  souls"  and  "Pick- 
wick papers."  C.  M.  Bowen. 

Nation.  101 :  592-4.  Nov.  18,  '15.  A  precursor  of  modern  realists 
in  Russia.  G.  R.  Noyes. 


22  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

VI 
IVAN   SERGYEEVICH  TURGENEV,   1818-1883 

Someone  has  said  that  a  tale  by  TurgeniefT  is  the 
most  beautiful  thing  that  art  has  given  since  antiquity, 
and  this  is  the  truth. — George  Moore. 

It  is  safe  to  say  that  his  novels  tell  more  about 
human  nature  in  less  space  than  any  other  novels  in 
the  world.  .  .  .  Henry  James  said  of  him  that  he 
was  particularly  a  favorite  with  people  of  cultivated 
taste,  and  that  nothing  cultivated  the  taste  better  than 
reading  him.  .  .  .  To  read  him  is  not  only  to  be 
mentally  stimulated,  it  is  to  be  purified  and  en- 
nobled. .  .  .  The  works  of  the  man  who  is  perhaps 
the  greatest  novelist  in  history  are  in  harmony  with 
what  we  recognize  as  the  deepest  and  most  eternal 
truth,  both  in  life  and  in  our  own  hearts. — William 
Lyon  Phelps. 

1.  Turgenev  the  man. 

a  His  early  life  and  education. 

b  His  life  abroad  and  later  life. 

c  His  relations  with  the  Viardots. 

d  The  relations  of  Tolstoy  and  Turgenev. 

e  His  interest  in  politics  and  social  order  and  his  love 

for  Russia. 
/  His  temperament. 

2.  Turgenev  the  artist. 

a  His  mastery  of  the  Russian  language. 
b  His  love  for  and  his  depiction  of  nature. 
c  The  political  and  social  bearing  of  his  work. 
d  The  drawing  of  his  characters  from  life. 
e  His  women. 
/  His  love  scenes. 
g  His  poems. 
h  His  place  in  Russian  literature. 


LITERATURE  23 

VII 

IVAN   SERGYEEVICH  TURGENEV,   1818-1883    (Continued) 

1.  Turgenev  the  novelist. 

a  "Annals  of  a  sportsman"  ("Sketches  of  a  hunter"). 

b  "Fathers  and  sons"  ("Fathers  and  children"). 

c  "Smoke." 

d  "Rudin." 

e  Reading:  Selection  from  "Fathers  and  sons." 

In  Wiener.     Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v. 
2,  p.  282-95. 

2.  Turgenev  the  novelist  (continued). 

a  "Liza"    ("A   nest   of   noblemen")     ("A   house    of 

gentlefolk"). 
b  "On  the  eve." 
c  "Virgin  soil." 
d  His  other  works. 

Recommended  Reading 

The  brigadier.    In  Outlook.  88 :  226-38.  Ja.  25,  '08. 
The  district  doctor. 

In  Warner.    Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  25  or  37, 

p.  15082-90. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.  91 : 239-46.  Feb.  '13. 

"A  characteristic  specimen  of  Turgenev's  story  telling." 
Fathers  and  sons. 

In  Warner.    Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  25  or  37, 
p.  15063-76  (extract). 

Wiener.  Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  282-95 
(extract). 

The  greatness  of  this  book  .  .  .  consists  in  the  fact  that  it 
faithfully  portrays  not  merely  the  Russian  character,  nor  the 
nineteenth  century,  but  the  very  depths  of  the  human  heart 
as  it  has  manifested  itself  in  all  ages  and  among  all  nations. — 
William  Lyon  Phelps. 

Liza  (A  nest  of  noblemen).    In    Warner.    Library  of  the  world's 
best   literature,   v.   25   or   37,   p.    15076-81    (extract). 

"A  house  of  gentlefolk  ["A  nobleman's  nest"]  is,  with  the 
possible  (  exception  of  "Fathers  and  children,"  Turgenev's 
masterpiece.  I  know  of  no  novel  which  gives  a  richer  return 
for  repeated  readings. — William  Lyon  Phelps. 


24  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

References 

Baring.    Landmarks  in  Russian  literature,  p.  77-124. 

Baring.    Outlines  of  Russian  literature,  p.  161-75. 

Brandes.     Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  171-300. 

Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  338-57. 

Dupuy.    Great  masters  of  Russian  literature,  p.  117-213,  383-413. 

Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  164-80. 

Kropotkin.  Russian  literature,  p.  89-109;  Same.  Kropotkin.  Ideals 
and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  89-109. 

Pardo-Bazan.     Russia:  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.  209-33. 

Phelps.    Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  69-129. 

Vogue.  Russian  novel,  p.  143-203 ;  Same.  Vogue.  Russian  novel- 
ists, p.  88-140. 

Waliszewski.    History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  278-96. 

Warner.  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  25  or  37,  p. 
15057-62. 

Wolkonsky.  Pictures  of  Russian  history  and  Russian  literature, 
p.  248-56. 

Arena.  2 : 688-707.  Nov.  '90.  Turgenief  as  a  poet.  Nathan  Has- 
kell  Dole. 

Atlantic.  33 : 565-75.  May  '74-  Ivan  Turgenieff.  Thomas  S. 
Perry. 

Atlantic.    53 : 42-55.  Jan.  '84.    Ivan  Turgenieff.     Henry  James. 

Atlantic.  60 : 206-9.  Aug.  '87.  Spell  of  the  Russian  writers. 
Harriet  Waters  Preston. 

Atlantic.     100 : 862-3.  Dec.  '07.     Turgenieff  anew. 

Century.  88:424-8.  July  '14;  Same.  Fortnightly  Review.  102: 
311-19.  Aug.  '14.  Reminiscences  of  Tolstoy.  Ilya  Tolstoy. 

Critic.  46 : 444-7.  May  '05.  A  glance  backward  at  Ivan  Turgenieff 
and  his  work. 

Current  Literature.  43:  174-8.  Aug.  '07.  Turgenieff  "The  greatest 
of  all  novelists." 

Fortnightly  Review.  93:1071-81.  June  '10.  Turgueneff.  Francis 
Gribble. 

Fortnightly  Review.  93:1082-9.  June  '10.  Tourgeneff  and  the 
life-illusion.  Richard  H.  P.  Curie. 

Lamp.   28:  63-4.  Feb.  '04.    Preface  to  Turgenieff  by  Henry  James. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.  72:481-8.  Oct.  '03.  Avowals.  George 
Moore. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.  91 :  233-8.  Feb.  '13.  Turgenev  the  emanci- 
pator. 

Living  Age.  150:692-703.  Sept.  10,  '81.  Sketches  and  remin- 
iscences. Ivan  Tourgenieff. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  25 

Living  Age.    257:214-20.  Ap.  25,  '08.     Concerning  Tourguenieff. 

Anne  Thackeray  Ritchie. 

Nation.    41 :  346-7.  Oct.  22,  '85.    Annals  of  a  sportsman.    Review. 
Nation.     85 : 488-90.  Nov.  28,  '07.     Turgenieff  and  the  moderns. 

S.  Strunsky. 
North  American  Review.    128 :  326-34.  March  '79-    Russian  novels 

and  novelists  of  the  day.    S.  E.  Shevitch. 
North  American  Review.    174:212-21.  Feb.  '02.    Ivan  Turgenev. 

Charles  Whibley. 
North  American  Review.    196:394-405.  Sept.  '12.    Turgenief  the 

man.    Philip  S.  Moxom. 
Outlook.    88 :  223-6.  Jan.  25,  '08.    Introduction  to  "The  brigadier." 

Hamilton  W.  Mabie. 
Review  of  Reviews.     35 :  741-2.  June.  '07.     Turgeniev  and  the 

golden  age  of  Russian  literature. 

Scribner's  Monthly.     14 : 200-7.  June  '77.    Ivan  Tourgueneff. 
Westminster  Review.    168 :  523-36.  Nov.  '07.    Turgueneff  s  novels 

and  Russian  revolution.     H.  Crossfield. 


26  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

VIII 

LEO  NIKOLAEVICH  •  TOLSTOY,  1828-1910 

TOLSTOY  THE  MAN 

To-day  the  works  of  Tolstoi  are  translated  into  forty-five 
languages. — William  Lyon  Phelps. 

A  stranger,  who  would  understand  Russia  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  must  read  Tolstoi;  and  whoever  would  undertake  to 
write  a  history  of  that  country  would  utterly  fail  in  his  task 
if  he  neglected  to  consult  this  exhaustless  repository  of  na- 
tional life. — E.  M.  de  Vogue. 

Tolstoi  .  .  .  displays  for  our  wonder  the  processional  qual- 
ity of  the  epic.  His  vast  simplicity,  his  monumental  intuition 
of  life's  essence,  his  large  touch,  his  stern  disregard  of  useless 
traits  and  superfluous  character,  rank  him  with  the  early 
masters  of  the  world.  But  if  he  practice  the  art  of  Homer, 
he  has  illuminated  that  art  with  brilliant  flashes  of  insight  and 
comprehension.  Human  emotion  has  no  secrets  from  himr 
and  if  in  his  supremacy  he  be  called  an  epic,  in  his  sympathy 
he  is  a  modern  of  our  latest  age.  He  creates  live  men  and 
women  as  easily  as  we  cast  a  shadow  before  us.  But  his  men 
and  women  are  not  shadows;  they  are  not  even  portraits;  they 
are  fashioned  of  blood  and  bone,  and  once  they  are  created, 
they  seem  to  move  and  speak  of  their  own  volition.  If  we 
saw  them  in  the  street  we  should  recognize  them;  if  we  heard 
them  speak,  their  voices  would  be^  familiar;  we  know  them, 
body,  mind  and  soul. — Charles  Whibley. 

1.  Tolstoy's  life. 

a  Early  life  and  education. 

b  Career  as  a  soldier  and  its  results. 

c  Marriage  and  family  life. 

d  Countess  Tolstoy. 

e  Life  at  Yasnaya  Poliana. 

/  Later  life. 

g  Why  he  left  his  home. 

2.  Tolstoy  the  educator,  reformer  and  philosopher. 
a  Tolstoy  as  an  educator. 

b  As  an  agriculturist. 

c  His  relations  with  the  peasantry. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  2? 

d  His   theory   of  property   and   his   renunciation  of 

property. 

e  His  social  ideas. 
/  His  precept  and  example. 
g  Tolstoy  as  the  exponent  of  Nihilism. 
h  His  philosophy. 
i  His  relation  to  the  church  and  his  excommunication. 


28  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

IX 

LEO  NIKOLAEVICH  TOLSTOY,  1828-1910  (Continued) 

TOLSTOY  THE  AUTHOR 

1.  Tolstoy  the  literary  artist. 

a  His  observation  and  memory. 

b  His  habit  of  introspection  and  its  effect  on  the 
study  of  other  minds. 

c  His  characteristics  as  a  writer. 
d  His  style. 

e  Censorship  of  his  writings. 
/  His  influence  in  Russia  and  elsewhere. 
g  His  reputation  as  a  man  of  letters  and  his  place  in 
world  literature. 

2.  Tolstoy  as  seen  in  his  writings. 

a  "Childhood,  boyhood  and  youth." 

b  "What  is  art,"  and  his  theory  of  art. 

c  His  religion  and  interpretation  of  Christian  teach- 
ing as  seen  in  "My  religion,"  "My  confession," 
and  other  writings. 

d  His  doctrine  of  non-resistance  as  seen  in  his  works. 

e  His  dramas. 

/  His  writings  other  than  fiction. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  29 

X 

LEO  NIKOLAEVICH  TOLSTOY,  1828-1910  (Continued) 

TOLSTOY   THE   NOVELIST  AND   SHORT   STORY   WRITER 

1.  Tolstoy's  two  greatest  novels. 
a  "Anna  Karenina." 

b  "War  and  peace." 

c  Reading:  A  selection  from  "War  and  peace." 

In  Wiener.  Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  p. 
401. 

2.  His  lesser  novels  and  short  stories. 
a  "The  Cossacks." 

b  "The  Resurrection." 
c  "The  Kreutzer  sonata." 
d  His  other  novels. 
e  His  short  stories. 

Recommended  Reading 

Anna  Karenina.    In  Warner.    Library  of  the  world's  best  liter- 
ature, v.  25  or  37,  p.  14994-15015  (extract). 

Tolstoi's  genius  reached  its  climax  in  "Anna  Karenina." 
...  It  is  surely  the  most  powerful  novel  written  by  any  man 
of  our  time.  ...  I  believe  that  the  average  man  can  learn 
more  about  life  by  reading  "Anna  Karenina"  than  he  can  by 
his  own  observation  and  experience.  .  .  .  As  a  study  of  sin 
the  moral  force  of  the  story  is  tremendous.  In  the  end  the 
words  of  Paul  come  irresistably  into  the  mind;  "To  be 
carnally  minded  is  death:  to  be  spiritually  minded  is  life 
and  peace." — William  Lyon  Phelps. 
The  death  of  Ivan  Ilyitch.  In  Tolstoy.  Master  and  man. 

The    greatest    study   of  death    ever   made. — Benjamin    de 
Casseres. 

The  best  and  most  original  of  his  short  stories. — Gershon 
Katz. 

How  much  land  is  required  for  a  man.    In  Tolstoy.    Master  and 
man. 

"Wonderfully  artistic." 

Master  and  man.    In  Tolstoy.    Master  and  man. 
A  masterpiece. 


30  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

War  and  peace.    In  Warner.    Library  of  the  world's  best  litera- 
ture, v.  25  or  37,  p.  15015-30. 

"War  and  peace"  is  less  a  novel  than  a  vast  panorama  of 
Russian  life  during  the  Napoleonic  invasion.  It  is  as  prodig- 
ious as  Russia  itself,  and  at  times  almost  as  devoid  of  unity 
and  progression  as  the  steppes.  .  .  .  The  thesis  of  the  story 
is  the  very  antithesis  of  most  histories  and  novels;  that  the 
figures  which  shine  in  the  forefront  are  the  splendidly  decor- 
ated puppets  of  the  vast,  inchoate  power  of  the  peoples  be- 
hind them ;  that  these  leaders  who  wear  stars  and  give  orders 
are  borne  onward  or  beaten  down  by  forces  which  they  cannot 
control ;  that  both  generals  and  armies  are  the  creatures  of  an 
inscrutable  fate.  The  hero  of  this  wonderful  prose  epic  is 
the  Russian  people  rising  in  response  to  a  mysterious  instinct 
for  sacrifice.  And  yet  what  superb  descriptive  passages,  what 
convincing  and  masterly  portraits,  sustain  and  reward  the 
interest  of  the  reader  as  he  floats  through  Russia  on  the 
bosom  of  a  stream  as  vast  as  the  Volga  and  touching  as  many 
kinds  of  life. — Hamilton  W.  Mabie. 

Where  love  is  there  God  is  also.    In  Outlook.    88 :  746-53.  March 
28,  '08. 

In  "Master  and  man,"  "The  death  of  Ivan  Ilyitch,"  "The 
horse's  story,"  "Where  love  is,"  to  select  a  few  representative 
tales,  one  feels  the  spells  of  a  commanding  personality  which 
shrinks  from  no  circumstance  of  life,  from  no  type  of  char- 
acter, from  no  form  of  experience ;  which  is  passionately  sym- 
pathetic and  relentlessly  impartial;  which  neither  spares  nor 
judges,  but  sees  with  an  artist's  brain  and  dramatizes  with  an 
artist's  deep  and  tender  skill. — Hamilton  IV.  Mabie. 

References 

Baring.     Landmarks  in  Russian  literature,  p.  77-115. 
Baring.    Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  196-210. 
Brandes.     Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  337-53- 
Bruckner.     Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  364-89. 
Dupuy.     Great  masters  of  Russian  literature,  p.  215-338,  414-22. 
Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  250-63. 
Kropotkin.     Russian  literature,  p.  109-48,  295-99;   Same.     Ideals 

and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  109-48,  295-99. 
Pardo-Bazan.    Russia:  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.  255-74. 
Phelps.     Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  170-214. 
Vogtie.     The  Russian  novel,  p.  271-332;  Same.  Vogue.     Russian 

novelists,  p.  209-69. 

Waliszewski.     History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  360-99. 
Warner.     Library  of   the  world's   best  literature,   v.   25   or  37, 

p.  14985-94. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  3! 

Wolkonsky.  Pictures  of  Russian  history  and  Russian  literature, 
p.  247-9,  261-70. 

Arena.  25 : 429-39.  April  '01.  Count  Tolstoy  as  philosopher, 
prophet  and  man.  Ernest  H.  Crosby. 

Arena.  28:  133-51.  Aug. '02.  Count  Tolstoy  and  the  new  Quaker- 
ism. James  T.  Bixby. 

Arena.     34:631-6.  Dec.  '05.     Count  Tolstoi  on  the  land  question. 

Atlantic.  107:490-7.  April  'n.  Tolstoi  and  young  Russia.  Rose 
Strunsky. 

Bookman.  11:359-65.  June  'oo.  Later  work  of  Tolstoy.  Aylmer 
Maude. 

Bookman.  12 :  383-7.  Dec.  'oo.  Tolstoy's  denunciation  of  contem- 
porary art.  Arthur  Hornblow. 

Bookman.  24:108-14.  Oct.  '06.  My  last  visit  to  Tolstoy.  Aylmer 
Maude. 

Bookman.    32:467-73.  Jan.  'n.    Tolstoy  at  sixty.     Nadine  Helbig. 

Century.  62:298-307.  June  '01.  Tolstoy's  moral  theory  of  art. 
John  Albert  Macy. 

Century.  88:187-96,  418-28,  561-73.  June- Aug.  '14;  Same.  Fort- 
nightly Review.  101:951-63;  102:41-55,  307-23,  499-517.  June 
Sept.  '14.  Reminiscences  of  Tolstoy.  Count  Ilya  Tolstoy. 

Chautauquan.  36:580-91.  March  '03.  Visit  to  Tolstoy's  home. 
Edward  J.  Steiner. 

Chautauquan.  69:  312-19.  Feb. '13.  Tolstoi  the  novelist.  Charles 
W.  Gill. 

Contemporary  Review.  78:241-54.  Aug.  'oo.  Tolstoy's  theory  of 
art.  Aylmer  Maude. 

Contemporary  Review.  78:809-20.  Dec.  'oo.  The  philosophy  of 
a  saint.  H.  W.  Massingham. 

Contemporary  Review.  94:270-85.  Sept.  '08;  Same.  Living  Age. 
295:11-23.  Oct.  3,  '08.  Count  Lyof  Tolstoi.  Edmund  Gosse. 

Contemporary  Review.  99:34-41.  Jan.  'n.  Unity  of  Tolstoy's 
life  and  work.  Charles  Sarolea. 

Cosmopolitan.  40:  291-6.  Jan.  '06.  Problem  of  the  Tolstoy  house- 
hold. William  T.  Stead. 

Craftsman.     19:323-8.     Jan.  'n.     Tolstoy.     Ivan  Narodny. 

Critic.  41 :  570-4.  Dec.  '02.  Recent  interview  with  Tolstoy.  Th. 
Beutzon.  , 

Current  Literature.  45 :  402-4.  Oct.  '08.  What  Tolstoy  means  to 
America. 

Current  Literature.    45  :  520-5.  Nov.  '08.   Tolstoy  the  world-figure. 
Current  Literature.    50:  62-4.  Jan. '11.    Twentieth  century's  great- 
est rebel. 

Current  Literature.  50:87-90.  Jan.  'n.  Tolstoy's  place  in  world 
literature. 


32  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

Dial.    49:445-6.  Dec.  I,  '10.    Tolstoy. 

Dial.  49:449-51.   Dec.  i,  '10.   Tolstoy's  attitude  toward  the  woman 

problem.    Amalie  K.  Boguslawsky. 
Edinburgh  Review.    214:218-51.  July  'n.     Tolstoy. 

Educational  Review.  41 :  433-40.  May  '11.  Education  according 
to  Tolstoy.  Michael  E.  Sadler. 

Fortnightly  Review.  90 : 383-93.  Sept.  '08 ;  Same.  Living  Age. 
259 : 89-97.  Oct.  10,  '08.  Tolstoy  and  the  Tolstoyans.  Francis 
Gribble. 

Fortnightly  Review.  95:153-63.  Jan.  '11.  Tolstoy.  Francis 
Gribble. 

Fortnightly  Review.  95  :  289-99.  Feb.  '11 ;  Same.  Living  Age.  268: 
707-14.  March  25,  'u.  Tolstoy's  last  days.  Zinaida  Ven- 
gerowa. 

Fortnightly  Review.  96:728-44.  Oct.  'u.  Anna  Karenina :  an 
appreciation.  Francis  H.  Low. 

Forum.  45:142-50.  Feb.  '11.  Message  of  Tolstoy.  Archibald 
Henderson. 

Independent.  53 :  1662-6.  July  18,  '01.  Excommunication.  Leo 
Tolstoy. 

Independent.  59 : 915-7.  Oct.  19,  '05.  Count  Tolstoy  the  prophet. 
William  T.  Stead. 

Independent.    62 :  1439-47.   June   20,   '07.      Tragedy   of   Tolstoy. 

Sophie  Witte. 
Independent.    69:1183-8.    Dec.    I,    '10.      Tolstoy's    influence    in 

Russia.    Prince  Kropotkin. 
Independent.    69:  1188-90.  Dec.  i,  'to.   Tolstoy  as  a  man  of  letters. 

William  Lyon  Phelps. 
Independent.    69:1191-5.  Dec.  i,  '10.    Tolstoy  at  home.    Kellogg 

Durland. 
Lippincott's     Magazine.     72:608-16,    697-703.     Nov.,     Dec.     '03. 

Avowals.    George  Moore. 
Lippincott's  Magazine.    90 :  747-54.  Dec.  '12.     Tolstoi,  artist  and 

preacher. 

Living  Age.    222 : 629-33.  Sept.  2,  '99.     Tolstoi.    Edward  Rod. 
Living  Age.    229:819-27.  June  29,  '01.     Wrong  Tolstoi.     G.  L. 

Calderon. 
Living  Age.    230:493-5.  Aug.  24,  '01.     Great  war  novels.     Jane 

H.  Findlater. 
Living  Age.    245 : 698-701.  June  10,  '05.     Beginnings  of  Tolstoy. 

Sydney  Oliver. 

Living  Age.    268:46-50.  Jan.  7,  '11.    Tolstoy. 
McClure's  Magazine.    16:  507-18.  April  '01.    Walks  and  talks  with 

Tolstoy.    Andrew  D.  White. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  33 

McClure's  Magazine.      36:295-302.  Jan.  '11.     Visit  to  Tolstoy. 

Jane  Addams. 

Nation.    91 :  490-3.  Nov.  24,  '10.    Tolstoy. 
North  American  Review.      172:504-19.  April  '01.      Tolstoy  and 

"Resurrection."    Constance  and  Edward  Garnett. 
North   American    Review.     182:524-41.    April   '06.     Tolstoy   as 

prophet.    Vernon  Lee. 
North  American   Review.      188:842-59.   Dec.   '08;    Same.   North 

American  Review.     192 :  729-45.  Dec.  '10.     Lyof  N.  Tolstoy. 

William  D.  Howells. 
North  American  Review.    193  :  242-55.  Feb.  'n.    Tolstoi's  religion 

Louise  Collier  Willcox. 
North  American  Review.    200 :  592-602.  Oct.  '14.    Tolstoy's  letters 

to  his  wife.    David  A.  Modell. 

Outlook.   66 :  828-35.  Dec.  I,  'oo.   Interview  with  Tolstoi.    Edward 
A.  Steiner. 

Outlook.    67:841-2.  April  13,  '01.    Count  Tolstoi's  excommunica- 
tion. 

Outlook.     75:35-42-  Sept.  5,  '03.     Tolstoy  to-day.     Edward  A. 
Steiner. 

Outlook.    75:267-76.  Oct.  3,  '03.    Tolstoy's  marriage  and  family 

life.    Edward  A.  Steiner. 
Outlook.    75 :  537-44-  Nov.  7,  '03.    Tolstoy  in  the  heart  of  Russia 

Edward  A.  Steiner. 

Outlook.   88 :  743-6.  March  28,  '08.    Tolstoy.    Hamilton  W.  Mabie. 
Outlook.    92:103-8.  May  15,  '09.    Tolstoy.    Theodore  Roosevelt; 

Lyman  Abbott. 
Outlook.    96:  769-71.  Dec.  3,  '10.    Count  Tolstoy  and  the  Russian 

government.    George  Kennan. 
Quarterly  Review.   211 :  180-202.  July  '09.    Tolstoy  and  Turgeniev. 

Maurice  Baring. 
Review  of  Reviews.    24 :  33-48.  July  '01.    Count  Tolstoy  in  thought 

and  action.    R.  E.  C.  Long. 
Review  of  Reviews.    43:245-6.  Feb.  'n.     Why  Tolstoy  left  his 

home. 
Westminster  Review.    181 :93-ioo.  Jan.  '14.    Last  of  the  masters. 

Gershon  Katz. 
World's  Work.    3 :  1953-60.  April  '02.    Tolstoy.    Henry  D.  Sedg- 

wick,  jr. 
World's  Work.     18:12144-54.  Oct.  '09.     Tolstoy  in  the  twilight. 

Henry  George,  jr. 


34  STUDY'  OUTLINE  Otf 

XI 
FEODOR  MIKHAYLOVICH  DOSTOEVSKI,  1821-1881 

As  long  as  metaphysical  questions — questions^  of  good  and 
evil  or  of  the  darkest  side  of  the  human  spirit — are  raised, 
so  long  will  Dostoevsky  be  read.  He  is  one  of  the  few  in 
the  world's  literature  who  can  never  be  forgotten :  he  leaves 
behind  him  the  profoundest  impressions,  which  can  never  be 
effaced,  and  he  stirs  the  innermost  fibres  of  our  spirit.  What 
most  enthralls  us  in  him  is  his  fervent  love,  his  respect  for 
man  as  man,  whom  he  finds  even  in  the  criminal,  the  drunkard, 
and  the  prostitute.  What  writer  has  created  more  charming, 
innocent  or  unhappy  children?  .  .  .  Perhaps  there  are  in  the 
world's  literature  figures  of  greater  talent  or,  rather,  mere 
repute;  a  warmer  more  feeling  heart  there  certainly  never 
was.  Not  in  "Faust"  but  rather  in  "Crime  and  punishment," 
does  "the  whole  woe  of  mankind"  take  hold  of  us. — A. 
Bruckner. 

1.  Dostoevski  the  man. 
a  His  life  career. 

b  His  poverty. 

c  His  exile  in  Siberia  and  its  effect  on  his  work. 

d  Effect  of  disease  on  his  life  and  work. 

c  His  relation  to  the  social  agitation  of  his  time. 

2.  Dostoevski  the  writer. 
a  His  realism. 

b  Types  portrayed  in  his  novels. 

c  His  style. 

d  His  psychological  knowledge  of  life. 

e  His  place  in  Russian  literature. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  $$ 

XII 

DOSTOEVSKI  THE  NOVELIST 

1.  His  novels. 

a  "Poor  folks/' 

b  "Letters  from  a  dead  house." 

c  "The  idiot." 

d  "The  possessed." 

2.  His  novels  (continued). 

a  "Crime  and  punishment." 
b  "The  brothers  Kavamazov." 
c  His  other  work. 

Recommended  Reading 
Crime  and  punishment. 

In  Warner.     Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  8  or 

12,  p.  4799-805    (extract). 

Wiener.     Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  323-39 

(extract). 

The  portrayal  of  character  is  wonderful,  and  the  interest 
of  the  book  is  almost  too  poignantly  intense.  Had  Dostoevsky 
never  written  anything  else,  his  place  ^  among  the  greatest 
masters  of  fiction  would  be  secure. — Living  Age. 
Poor  folk.  In  Warner.  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature, 
v.  8  or  12,  p.  4787-99  (extract). 

When  you  have  read  the  last  page  you  feel  that  you  know 
the  two  characters  as  perfectly  as  if  you  had  lived  with  them 
for  years;  moreover,  the  author  has  not  told  us  a  thousandth 
part  of  what  we  know  of  them,  his  mere  indications  are  such 
revelations. — E.  M.  de  Vogue. 

The  tree  and  the  wedding.    In  Lippincott's  Magazine.    92 :  131-7. 
July  '13. 

His  tender  heart  felt  for  every  child,  as  witness  the  pene- 
trating anecdotal  sketch  "The  tree  and  the  wedding." — Lippin- 
cott's Magazine. 

References 

Baring.    Landmarks  in  Russian  literature,  p.  125-262. 
Baring.    Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  196-225. 
Brandes.     Impressions  of  Russia,  p.  301-36. 
Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  390-416. 


36  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

Dupuy.    Great  masters  of  Russian  literature,  p.  423-40. 

Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  212-28. 

Kropotkin.     Russian    literature,    p.    163-70;    Same.    Kropotkin. 

Ideals  and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  163-70. 
Pardo-Bazan.     Russia:  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.  255-74. 
Phelps.     Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  130-69. 
Vogue.     The  Russian  novel,  p.  204-70;  Same.  Vogue.     Russian 

novelists,  p.  140-208. 

Waliszewski.    History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  330-60. 
Warner.     Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  8  or  12,  p. 

4779-86. 
Wolkonsky.    Pictures  of  Russian  history  and  Russian  literature, 

p.  247-8,  256-62. 

Atlantic.     60:209-11.  Aug.  '87.      Spell  of  the  Russian  writers. 

Harriet  Waters  Preston. 
Bookman.     35 :  599-603.  Aug.  '12.    The  grand  inquisitor  of  the 

Russian  soul.    Cleveland  Palmer. 
Catholic  World.      104 : 820-5.  March  '17.     Defining  Dostoevsky. 

Richardson  Wright. 
Contemporary  Review.     108 :  220-8.  Aug.  '15 ;  Same.  Living  Age. 

286:665-72.  Sept.  n,  '15.    Dostoevsky  as  a  religious  teacher. 

George  W.  Thorn. 
Current  Literature.     49 :  92-6.  July  '10.     Dostoievsky — the  great 

psycho-pathologist  of  Russian  fiction. 
Current   Literature.     52 : 708-10.    June    '12.      The    superman    of 

Dostoievsky. 

Current  Opinion.  55  :  433.  Dec.  '13.  Dostoyef  sky's  ideal  Russian. 
Dial.  58:5-7.  Jan.  I,  '15.  Dostoieffsky.  George  Bernard  Donlin. 
Fortnightly  Review.  101 :  315-24.  Feb.  14;  Same.  Living  Age.  281 : 

269-76.  May  2,  '14.  Feodor  Dostoieffsky.    J.  A.  T.  Lloyd. 
Forum.     54:201-7.  Aug.  '15.    Dostoievsky  and  Tolstoy.     James 

Huneker. 
Hibbert  Journal.   9 :  823-37.  July  '11.    Dostoyeffsky  and  Nietzsche. 

Otto  Julius  Bierbaum. 
Independent.    73:560-1.  Sept.  5,  '12.    Dostoevsky's  last  work. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.  92:  126-31.  July  '13.  Dostoyevsky,  apostle 
to  the  lowly. 

Living  Age.    274:550-5.  Aug.  31,  '12.    Dostoevsky. 

Living  Age.    278:797-801.  Sept.  27,  '13.    Faith  of  Dostoevsky. 

Living  Age.    284:632-4.   March  6, '15.   Russian  novelists. 

Living  Age.  289:436-8.  May  13,  '16.  Dostoievski.  Thomas 
Seccombe. 

Living  Age.  289:613-19.  June  3,  '16.  Dostoevsky  as  a  psycholo- 
gist. George  W.  Thorn. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  37 

Living  Age.    290:  312-15.  July  29,  '16.     New  Dostoievsky. 

Nation.    95  :  34-5.  July  n,  '12.    Dostoievsky. 

Nation.    100:381-3.  April  8,  '15.    Dostoevski. 

New  Republic.    1 : 27-8.  Dec.  5,  '14.    Dostoevsky's  letters.  Review. 

New  Republic.  2:  176-8.  March  20,  '15.  Dostoevsky  the  reaction- 
ary. Jacob  Zeitlin. 

New  Republic.    3:  115-18,  249-52.  June  5,  July  10,  '15. 

North  American  Review.  202:264-70.  Aug.  '15.  Dostoievsky. 
W.  B.  Trites. 

Review  of  Reviews.  29 : 623-4.  May  '04.  Dostoievsky  still  domi- 
nates Russian  literature. 

Russian  Review.  1 :28i-o.o.  June  '16.  Dostoyevsky  and  his  mes- 
sage to  the  world.  Zinaide  Vengerova. 


38  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

XIII 

RECENT  POETRY,  DRAMA,  SATIRE  AND  FICTION 

1.     Poetry,  drama  and  satire. 

a  Nikolay  Aleksyeevich  Nekrasov,  1821-1877. 

He  is  essentially  the  poet  of  the  people;  ...  he 
feels  with  them,  and  their  beliefs,  hopes  and  griefs 
are  his  own. — Charles  Edward  Turner. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  poems. 

(3)  Lyric  poets  other  than  Nekrasov. 

b  Aleksandr  Nikolaevich  Ostrovski,  1823-1886. 

Every  likeness  he  draws  has  been  carefully  elab- 
orated feature  by  feature,  every  character  he  intro- 
duces is  a  study  from  life;  and  the  result  is  that, 
according  to  the  universal  testimony  of  his  coun- 
trymen, his  plays  are  thoroughly  faithful  transcripts 
of  the  Russian  domestic  life  of  the  present  day. — 
Edinburgh  Review. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  dramas. 

(3)  His  influence  on  the  Russian  stage. 

(4)  Modern  Russian  drama. 

c  Mikhail  Evgrafovich  Saltykov   (Nikolay  Evgrafo- 
vich  Shchedrin,  pseud.),  1826-1889. 
The  most  spiteful  of  all  writers  that  ever  lived, 
one  of  the  greatest  satirists  of  all  time,  at  the  same 
time  a  literary  genius  of  the  first  rank,  is  the  Rus- 
sian Swift,  Michael  Saltykov. — A.  Bruckner. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  writings. 

Recommended  Reading 

The  story  of  a  lost  conscience.    M.  Saltykov.    In  Current  Liter- 
ature.   40 :  340-2.  March  '06. 
Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  348-61,  369-85. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  39 

References 

Baring.    Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  184-9,  226-42. 
Bruckner.     Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  454-524. 
Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  182-204,  238. 
Kropotkin.     Russian    literature,    p.    170-6,    191-5,    202-14,    282-5; 

Same.  Kropotkin.     Ideals  and  realities  in  Russian  Literature. 

p.  170-6,  191-5,  202-14,  282-5. 
Turner.    Studies  in  Russian  literature,  p.  364-89. 
Waliszewski.      History   of    Russian   literature,   p.   271-8,   309-19, 

323-9. 
Contemporary  Review.    27 :  746-63.  April  '76 ;  Same.  Living  Age. 

129:429-38.  May  13,  '76.    Russian  idylls.  (Nekrasof).  W.  R.  S. 

Ralston. 

Edinburgh  Review.    128 :  158-90.  July  '68.  Modern  Russian  drama. 
Fortnightly  Review.     36:499-512.  Oct.  '81.  Nicholas  Alexeivitch 

Nekrasoff.     Charles  Edward  Turner. 
Quarterly  Review.    117:  21-42.  July '12.    The  Russian  stage. 

2.     Fiction. 

a  Ivan  Aleksandrovich  Goucharov,  1812-1891. 

Goucharoff  occupies  in  Russian  literature  the 
next  place  after  Turgueneff  and  Tolstoy. — Prince 
Kropotkin. 

(1)  His  great  novel  "Oblomov." 

(2)  His  other  work. 

b  Mikhail  Artzybashev,  1878- 

The  writings  of  Artzibashef  reveal  him  as  a 
powerful  but  a  very  limited  writer  whose  main 
emotional  resource  lies  in  dilating  upon  the  human 
misery  of  disease  and  the  exaggerated  terror  of 
death. — Alfred  Kultner. 

(1)  His  writings. 

(2)  His  masterpiece,  "Sanine." 

c  Dmitri  Sergyeevich  Merezhkovski,  1865- 

His  chief  interest  lies  in  the  illustration  of  the 
struggle  of  two  worlds,  the  pagan  and  the  Chris- 
tian. This  idea  runs  through  all  his  critical  essays 
.  .  .  and  through  his  triology  of  novels. — Leo 

Wiener. 


40  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

(1)  His  essays. 

(2)  His  novels. 

(3)  His  other  work. 

Recommended  Reading 
Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  264-70,  483-93. 

References 

Baring.  Outline  of  Russian  literature,  p.  176-9. 
Bruckner.  Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  357-63. 
Hapgood.  Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  161-3. 
Kropotkin.  Russian  literature,  p.  151-62;  Same.  Kropotkin.  Ideals 

and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  151-62. 
Pardo-Bazan.    Russia:  its  people  and  its  literature,  p.  233-6. 
Persky.     Contemporary  Russian  novelists,  p.  246-73,  290-3. 
Phelps.     Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  248-61. 
Waliszewski.    History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  265-70. 
Warner.    Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  v.  n  or  16,  p. 

6533-5. 
Bookman.   41 1135-8.  April  '15.    Russia's  latest  novelist  (Artziba- 

shef).    Cleveland  Palmer. 

Bookman.     41 1358.    June  '15.    Artzibashef's  beginning. 
Contemporary  Review.    82 :  258-70.  Aug. '02.    Dmitri  Merejkovski. 

Katharine  Wylde. 
Contemporary  Review.    92 1797-800.    Dec.  '07.    Mereshkovsky  on 

materialism.    S.  C.  de  Soissons. 
Current  Literature.     45 :  178.  Aug.  '08.     Literary  Russia  running 

amuck.     (Artzybashev. ) 
Current  Literature.    47 : 424-6.  Oct.  '09.     Russia's  new  substitute 

for  the  superman  (Artzybashev). 
Current   Opinion.      57 : 426-7.   Dec.  '14.      Russia's   most   sinister 

novelist  (Artzybashev). 
Current  Opinion.     59 : 48.  July  '15.     Artzibashef,  the  apostle  of 

Stirneian  anarchism. 
Dial.    61 :  103-4.  Aug.  15,  '16.    New  translation  of  Russian  fiction 

(Goucharov's  "Oblomov").    Winifred  Smith. 
Independent.    61 :  1147-51.  Nov.  15,  '06.    A  Russian  mystic  novel- 
ist (Merijkowski).    Edwin  E.  Slosson. 

Living  Age.    284:635.  March  6,  '15.     Russian  novelists.  (Artzy- 
bashev). 
Nation.    45 :  188.  Sept.  8,  '87.    Russian  realistic  novelists  (Gouc- 

harov). 

Nation.     103:105-6.    Aug.  3,  '16.     Goucharov.    G.  R.   Noyes. 
New  Republic.    1 :  27-8.  Jan.  30,  '15.  Sanine,  by  Artzibashef. 
New    Republic.     6 : 323-4.    April   22,    '16.     Artzibashef.     Alfred 

Kuttner. 
North  American  Review.     196:85-103.  July  '12.    Recent  Russian 

fiction  (Artsibashef). 
Outlook.    69:419.   Oct.  19,  '01.    Recent  Russian  novelist  (Merej- 

kowski). 


RUSSIAN   LITERATURE  4\ 

XIV 

SHORT  STORY  WRITERS 

1.     Garshin,    Kuprin,    Sologub    and    other    short    story 
writers. 

a  Vsevolod   Mikhaylovich   Garshin,    1855-1888. 

Garshin  was  a  great  writer,  doing  pitifully  won- 
derful things  under  such  stress  as  makes  us  love 
him  for  his  brave,  losing  fight  against  black  foes 
within  and  without. — Lippincott's  Magazine. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  short  stories. 

b  Alexander  Ivanovich  Kuprin,  1870- 

He  is  an  exquisite  story-teller,  profound  and 
touching  .  .  .  [who]  paints  life  as  it  appears  to 
him. — Serge  Per  sky. 

( 1 )   His  novels  and  stories. 
c  Feodor  Sologub,  pseud.   (Feoder  Teternikov). 

Sologub  is  the  first  of  Russian  stylists.  .  .  .  He 
gives  the  sense  of  atmosphere  with  so  few  and  so 
simple  strokes. — John  Cournos. 

( 1 )   His  work  as  a  writer. 
d  Other  short  story  writers. 

Recommended  Reading 

Four  days.    V.  M.  Garshin.    In  Lippincott's  Magazine.    91 : 498- 
507.  April  '13. 

An  autobiographical  story  of  singular  penetration. — Lippin- 
cott's Magazine. 
How  the  lizard  lost  its  tail.    V.  M.  Garshin. 

In  Wiener.     Anthology  of  Russian  literature,   v.  2,  p.  443-8 
(with  title  "That  which  was  not"). 
Current  Opinion.    60:53-4.   Jan.  '16. 

The  old  man  and  the  hoop.     F.  Sologub.     In  Current  Opinion. 
59:198-9.  Sept.  '15. 


42  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

The  signal.    V.  M.  Garscin.    In  Current  Literature.     52:116-18. 

Jan.  '12. 

This  story  might  have  been  written  by  Tolstoy,  so  simple 

and  direct  is  its  style,  so  vivid  and  with  detail  are  the  scenes 

pictured. — Current  Literature. 
White  nights.    Alexander  Kuprin.    In  Bookman.  45:13-14.  March 

'17- 

References 

Bruckner.     Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  525-45. 
Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  264-6. 
Persky.    Contemporary  Russian  novelists,  p.  274-313. 
Phelps.     Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  278-84. 
Waliszewski.     History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  419-22. 

Current  Opinion.  59:190.  Sept.  '15.  Feodor  Sologub's  short 
stories. 

Fortnightly  Review.  104:480-90.  Sept.  '15.  Feodor  Sologub. 
John  Cournos. 

Forum.   28 :  120-8,  Sept.  '99.   Younger  Russian  writers.   A.  Cahan. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.  91 : 492-8.  April  '13.  Garshin  the  melan- 
choliac. 

Living  Age.    281 :  749-53.  June  20,  '14.    Modern  Russian  fiction. 

Nation.  98:  749-50.  June  25,  '14.  Russian  fiction:  recent  tenden- 
cies of  the  younger  writers.  David  A.  Modell. 

New  Republic.  7:  126-7.  June  3,  '16.  The  signal,  and  other  stor- 
ies, by  V.  M.  Garshin.  Review. 

Quarterly  Review.  217:33-6.  July  '12.  The  Russian  stage  (Solo- 
goub).  George  Calderon. 

2.     Korolenko  and  Andreev. 

a  Vladimir  Korolenko,   1808-1842. 

Korolenko  never  repeats.  Not  even  a  detail 
occurs  more  than  once.  .  .  .  Each  character  is 
shown  in  full  relief,  each  picture  is  absolutely  fin- 
ished. This  wholeness,  this  finish,  is  a  precious 
quality,  very  rare  in  our  time.  ...  It  is  through 
psychology  that  Korolenko  depicts  men  and  their 
mentalities. — Serge  Persky. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  Nature  in  his  writings. 

(3)  His  psychology. 

(4)  His  work. 

(5)  Reading:  "The  old  bell-ringer." 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  43 

b  Leonid   Nikolaevich  Andreev,   1871- 

The  aim  of  Andreev,  like  that  of  all  prominent 
Russian  novelists,  is  to  study  the  secret  of  secrets, 
the  human  heart. — William  Lyon  Phelps. 

(1)  His  life. 

(2)  His  characters. 

(3)  His  style. 

(4)  His  stories  and  novels. 

(5)  His  dramas. 

Recommended  Reading 
The  burglar.  Leonid  Andreev.   In  Current  Literature.   39:109-11. 

July  '05. 
Easter  eve.   Vladimir  Korolenko.    In  Bookman.  21 :  27-30.  March 

'05. 
Last    ray.     Vladimir   Korolenko.    In   Living   Age.     248:618-22. 

March  10,  '06. 
Lazarus.    Leonid  Andreev.    Current  Literature.    42  :  577-84.  May 

'07. 
The  old  bell  ringer.    Vladimir  Korolenko. 

In  Wiener.    Anthology  of  Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  437-43. 
Lippincott's  Magazine.    91 :624-8.    May  '10. 
A  prose  poem  of  harmonious  diction  and  fine  human  feel- 
ing.— Lippincott's  Magazine. 

Silence.    Leonid  Andreev.    In  Lippincott's  Magazine.    90:241-51. 
Aug.  '12. 

Sin  is  hardness,  that  is  the  moral  of  the  powerful  and 
beautiful  story,  "Silence." — Living  Age. 

A  story  which  will  never  be  finished.    Leonid  Andreev.    In  Inde- 
pendent.   65 :  1031-4.  Nov.  5,  '08. 

The  last  cry  in  mysticism  is  Andreyev's  "A  story  which  will 
never  be  finished." — Lippincott's  Magazine. 

Shades.     Vladimir  Korolenko.     In  Current  Literature.     43 :577- 
84.  Nov.  '07. 

"He  has  written  nothing  more  universal  in  its  appeal  than 
the  following  stupendous  narrative." — Current  Literature. 

References 

Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  529-30,  542. 
Kropotkin.     Russian  literature,  p.  302-3. 

Per  sky.    Contemporary  Russian  novelists,  p.  76-107,  199-245. 
Phelps.    Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  262-77. 
Waliszewski.    History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  422-5. 


44  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

Bookman.  21 124-6.  March  '05.  Korolenko,  apostle  of  pity.  Chris- 
tian Brinton. 

Bookman.  45:56-9.  March  '17.  Russia  in  arms:  war  literature 
(Andreyev).  Abraham  Yarmolinsky. 

Current  Literature.  40 : 312.  March  '06.  Andreyev's  revolution- 
ary drama,  "To  the  stars." 

Current  Literature.  44:401-4.  April  '08.  A  Russian  poet's  con- 
ception of  Judas  Iscariot  (Andreev). 

Current  Literature.  45:282-6.  Sept.  '08.  Andreyev:  A  new  po- 
tent in  Russian  literature. 

Eclectic  Magazine.  146 :  219-24.  March  '06.  Vladimir  Korolenko. 
G.  H.  Ferris. 

Forum.  28:124-6.  Sept.  '99.  Younger  Russian  writers  (Koro- 
lenko). A.  Cahan. 

Independent.  58:  1043-6.  May  11,  '05.  Russian  literature  and  the 
war  (Andreyev).  Sophie  Witte. 

Independent.  67:242-5.  July  29,  '09.  Leonid  Andrejev.  Ivan 
Loroetsky. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.  90:235-40.  Aug.  '12.  Leonid  Andreyev, 
apostle  of  the  terrible. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.   91 1619-24.   May  '10.  Korolenko  the  exile. 

Living  Age.  258:  786-92.  Sept.  '06.  A  Russian  mystery  play  ("The 
life  of  man,"  by  Leonid  Andreev).  Maurice  Baring. 

Living  Age.  268:434-7.  Feb.  18,  'n.  A  novelist  of  nerves 
(Andreyev). 

North  American  Review.  194:  882-7.  Dec.  '11.  Andreyev's  "Ana- 
thema" and  the  Faust  legend.  O.  R.  Howard  Thomson. 

Outlook.  105 : 64-5.  Sept.  13,  '13.  Birthday  celebration  of  a  Rus- 
sian author  (Korolenko). 

Outlook.  105  :5i3-4.  Nov.  8,  '13.  Friend  of  the  oppressed  (Koro- 
lenko). 


RUSSIAN   LITERATURE  45 

XV 
ANTON  PAVLOVICH  CHEKHOV  (TCHEKHOFF),  1860-1904 

The  writer  who  gives  the  most  faithful  picture  of  the  gen- 
eral atmosphere  of  the  period  which  preceded  the  Russo-Jap- 
anese war  is  Anton  Tchekoff. — Maurice  Baring. 

To  win  the  attention  of  the  educated  Russian,  it  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  that  the  author  should  have  the  gift  of  making 
things  seem  real.  Chekhoff  possesses  this  gift  in  a  marvelous 
degree.  ...  A  few  simple  words  sketch  off  the  character 
so  that  it  lives  and  moves  before  the  reader;  and,  above  all, 
almost  every  sentence  exposes  to  view  some  interesting  nook 
of  the  human  soul.  But  all  these  results  are  achieved  in  a 
most  casual  way.  The  author  enjoys  his  gossip  too  intensely 
to  be  aware  of  his  own  cleverness. — Abraham  Cahan. 

1.  Chekhov  the  man  and  dramatist. 
a  His  life. 

b  His  dramas. 

c  "The  cherry  garden." 

d  "The  sea  gull" 

2.  Chekhov  the  story-teller. 

a  His  study  of  life  and  what  he  portrays. 

b  His  art. 

c  His  short  stories. 

d  His  novels. 

Recommended  Reading 
The  cherry  orchard.    In  Tchekhov.  Plays;  second  series. 

It  tells  in  four  pictures  the  whole  story  of  the  aristocratic 
landed  proprietor  class  in  Russia.     .     .     .     The  most  charac- 
teristic of  his  plays. — Maurice  Baring. 
The  darling  and  other  stories. 
In  exile. 

In  Fortnightly  Review.    80 :  529-35.  Sept.  '03. 
Lippincott's  Magazine.    90:370-8.  Sept.  '12. 
It    exhibits    all    his    mature    characteristics. — Lippincott's 
Magazine. 


46  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

In  the  court  room.     In    Wiener.     Anthology  of  Russian  litera- 
ture, v.  2,  p.  460-7. 

References 

Baring.     Landmarks  of  Russian  literature,  p.  263-99. 
Bruckner.    Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  533-9. 
Persky.     Contemporary  Russian  novelists,  p.  40-75. 
Phelps.     Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  234-47. 
Kropotkin.      Russian    literature,    p.    308-17;    Same.    Kropotkin. 

Ideals  and  realists  in  Russian  literature,  p.  308-17. 
Waliszewski.     History  of  Russian  literature,  p.  426-33. 

Bookman.      16 :  332-3.  Dec.  '02.     Mantle  of  Tolstoy.     Abraham 

Cahan. 

Critic.  45 :  318-20.  Oct.  '04.  Anton  Chekhov.  Christian  Brinton. 
Forum.  28 :  121-4.  Sept.  '99.  Younger  Russian  writers.  A.  Cahan. 
Fortnightly  Review.  78:  103-13.  July  '02;  Same.  Living  Age.  234: 

720-32.  Sept.  20,  '02. 
Harper's  Weekly.    58:  22-3.  Dec.  27,  '13.   Tchekhov's  plays.    Neith 

Boyce. 
Independent.    59 :  299-304.  Aug.  10,  '05.    Personal  recollections  of 

Anton  Pavlovitch  Chekhov.     Maxim  Gorky. 
Lippincott's  Magazine.    90:363-70.  Sept.  '12.     Chekhov,  recorder 

of  lost  illusions. 

Nation.  95  :  492.  Nov.  21,  '12.  Plays  by  Anton  TchekhofT.  Review. 
Nation.  102:419.  April  13,  '16.  Studies  of  Russian  life.  J.  Ran- 

ken  Towse. 
New  Republic.    3 :  207.  June  26,  '15.  "Cherry  orchard."    Gertrude 

Besse  King. 

New  Republic.    7:  175.  June  17,  '16.  "The  sea  gull." 
New  Republic.    7:256-8.  July  8,  '16.   Tchekov's  realism.    Gertrude 

Besse  King. 
North  American  Review.     204:282-91.  Aug.  '16.     Tchekhov  and 

the  spirit  of  the  East.    Helen  McAfee. 
Quarterly  Review.     217:27-9.  July  '12.     Russian  stage.     George 

Calderon. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  47 

XVI 

MAXIM   GORKY,  PSEUD.   (ALEXEI  MAXIMOVICH  PYESH- 
KOFF),  1868- 

He  is,  above  all  others,  the  poet  of  the  "barefoot  brigade" 
of  the  vagabonds  who  eternally  wander  from  one  end  of 
Russia  to  the  other.  .  .  .  Gorky  lovingly  gives  them  a  fa- 
miliar setting,  painted  with  bold  strokes,  of  plains  and  moun- 
tains which  border  in  the  distance  the  glaucous  stretch  of  the 
sea.  The  sea!  with  what  fervor  does  Gorky  depict  the  anger 
and  peace  of  the  sea. — Serge  Persky. 

His  method  is  simple.  In  a  few  bold  strokes  he  brings 
before  us  a  corner  of  the  country,  a  sea-beach,  a  quay,  a  shop, 
a  street;  then  a  man  and  a  woman,  two  men,  some  simple  in- 
cident, and  the  men  and  women  go  out  as  quietly  as  they  had 
come  in.  But  meanwhile  a  strange  temperament  has  ex- 
pressed itself  in  a  few  words,  some  disconcerting  action,  a 
significant  silence;  and  what  we  have  felt  is  just  what  is  deep- 
est, most  unconscious  in  that  nature  to  which  speech  is  so 
difficult  .  .  .  and  action  a  kind  of  despiring  start  away  from 
the  logic  of  things. — Arthur  Symons. 

1.  Gorky  the  man  and  literary  artist. 
a  His  life  career. 

b  His  visit  to  America. 

c  His  romanticism. 

d  His  analysis  of  human  feeling. 

e  His  nature  descriptions. 

/  His  pessimism. 

g  His  success. 

2.  Gorky  the  story-teller  and  dramatist. 
a  His  types,  especially  his  vagabonds. 
b  His  short  stories. 

c  His  novels. 

d  His  dramas,  especially  "The  night's  lodging/' 

Recommended  Reading 
Comrades. 

In  Craftsman.     11:288-93.  Dec.  '06. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.    91 :  103-15.  Jan.  '13. 

"Konovalov,"  "The  Orlov  couple,"  "The  steppe,"  "Malva," 


48  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

"Comrades"  and  "Twenty-six  and  one"  stand  almost  alone, 
even  in  Russian  literature,  for  vigor  of  characterization  and 
an  always  beseeching  natural  beauty. — Christian  Brinton. 
In  the  steppe;    story  of  a  tramp.    In     Wiener.      Anthology  of 
Russian  literature,  v.  2,  p.  468-82. 

Gorky  draws  his  vagabonds  with  a  realism  that  surpasses 
all  previous  attempts  in  that  field  .  .  .  not  less  characteristic 
are  his  pictures  of  southern  scenes,  of  the  steppe,  the  sea,  and 
the  noisy  quay. — Leo  Wiener. 
Tchelkache   (Chelkash). 

In  Gorky.  Twenty-six  men  and  a  girl  and  other  stories. 

Fortnightly  Review.    76:1083-110.  Dec.  '01. 

Living  Age.    232 :  202-22.  Jan.  25,  '02. 

It  sounds  that  universal  note  able  to  draw  together  men  of 
all  races,  brothers  of  every  class  and  of  every  clime. — Katha- 
rine Wylde. 

Twenty-six  men  and  a  girl.    In  Gorky.     Twenty-six  men  and  a 
girl  and  other  stories. 

"One  of  Gorky's  greatest  stories." 

References 

Bruckner.     Literary  history  of  Russia,  p.  538-41. 
Hapgood.     Survey  of  Russian  literature,  p.  268-72. 
Kropotkin.     Russian    literature,    p.    249-60;     Same.    Kropotkin. 

Ideals  and  realities  in  Russian  literature,  p.  249-60. 
Persky.     Contemporary  Russian  novelists,  p.  142-98. 
Phelps.    Essays  on  Russian  novelists,  p.  215-33. 

Bookman.     13  151  -3.  March  '01.  Russia's  tramp  novelist.  Arthur 

Hornblow. 
Bookman.     16 :  328-32.  Dec.  '02 ;  Same.  Bookman.  32 1541-43.  Jan. 

'11.    Mantle  of  Tolstoy.    Abraham  Cahan. 
Contemporary  Review.    80 : 845-55.  Dec.  '01 ;  Same.  Living  Age. 

232:  193-201.  Jan,  25,  '02.    Maxime  Gorky.     Charles  de  Sois- 

sons. 
Contemporary  Review.     81 : 238-61.  Feb.  '02.     Art  and  ethics  of 

Maxim  Gorky.    E.  J.  Dillon. 

Craftsman.    8 : 2-13.  April  '05.    Maxim  Gorky,  the  author  exile. 
Craftsman.      11:148-55.  Nov.  '06.     With  Maxim  Gorky  in  the 

Adirondacks.     John  Spargo. 

Critic.    39 : 45-7.  July  foi.     Maxime  Gorky.    Christian  Brinton. 
Critic.    46:  318-21.  April  '05.    Gorky:  Hamlet  awakened.    Benja- 
min de  Casseres. 

Current  Literature.    32:31-2.  Jan.  '02.  Poet  of  vagabonds. 
Current  Literature.   39 :  668-9.  Dec.  '05.    Gorky's  pessimistic  social 
"   drama,  "The  children  of  the  seen." 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  49 

Current  Literature.  40:488-91.  May  '06.  Stormy  career  of  Mak- 
sim Gorky. 

Current  Literature.  40 : 614.  June  '06.  Gorky  and  the  new  Rus- 
sian literature. 

Current  Literature.  42 :  548-9.  May  '07.  Gorky's  new  drama  of 
the  revolution  ("The  enemies"). 

Everybody's  Magazine.  12 : 464-7.  April  '05.  Maxim  Gorky. 
Christian  Brinton. 

Fortnightly  Review.  81 : 60-8.  Jan.  '04.  The  bossiak  and  Rus- 
sia's social  unrest.  Alexander  Kinloch. 

Fortnightly  Review.  83  :  608-21.  April  '05.  Maxim  Gorky  and  the 
Russian  revolt. 

Forum.  55  1441-53.  April  '16.  Gorky  and  the  new  Russia.  Rose 
Strunsky. 

Independent.  53 :  2213-15.  Sept.  19,  '01.  Gorky  the  new  Russian 
novelist.  J.  W.  Clarkson. 

Independent.  57:1378-81.  Dec.  15,  '04.  Maxim  Gorky.  Prince 
Peter  Kropotkin. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.    91 :  97-103.  Jan.  '13.    Gorky,  the  bitter. 

Nation.  77:480-1.  Dec.  17,  '03.  Maxim  Gorki  on  the  boards. 
A.  A.  Jack. 

Nation.  85 : 488-90.  Nov.  28,  '07.  Turgenieff  and  the  moderns. 
S.  Strunsky. 

New  England  Magazine,  n.s.  32 :  399-414.  June  '05.  Maxim  Gorky; 
tramp,  story  teller  and  adventurer.  George  Willis  Cooke. 

New  Republic.   7 :  24.  May  6,  '16.   Gorky's  childhood.   Edith  Bovir. 

North  American  Review.  183:1159-70.  Dec.  7,  '06.  Maxime 
Gorky.  Louise  Collier  Willcox. 

.Outlook.    82:876-8.  April  21,  '06.  Maxim  Gorky. 

Quarterly  Review.     117:25-31.  July  '12.     The  Russian  stage. 

Westminster  Review.  160 :  148-56.  Aug.  '03.  Maxim  Gorky. 
James  Burns. 


5O  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

BARING,,  MAURICE.  Landmarks  in  Russian  literature. 
Macmillan,  N.  Y.,  1910.  *$1.75. 

"No  other  non-Russian  writer  has  shown  so  intimate  a 
knowledge  of  Russian  character  or  so  fruitfully  fallen  under 
the  influence  of  the  charm  of  Russia  as  has  our  author." — 
Athenaeum. 

BARING,  MAURICE.  Outline  of  Russian  literature.  (Home 
university  library  of  modern  knowledge.)  Henry 
Holt  and  Co.,  N.  Y.,  1915.  *50c. 

"As  a  rapid  survey,  this  little  work  would  seem  to  perform 
its  functions  completely." — Independent. 

BRANDES,  GEORG.  Impressions  of  Russia;  translated  by 
Samuel  C.  Eastman.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co., 
N.  Y.,  [c.  1899].  $1.25. 

"Dr.  Brandes  has  an  established  reputation  as  an  acute 
literary  critic." — Samuel  C.  Eastman. 

BRUCKNER,  ALEXANDER.  Literary  history  of  Russia; 
translated  by  H.  Havelock.  (Library  of  literary  his- 
tory.) Scribner,  N.  Y.,  1908.  *$3.50. 

"Professor  Bruckner's  original  work  in  German  has  been 
and  still  is  the  authoritative  book  of  western  Europe  on  Rus- 
sian literature  as  a  whole." — Samuel  N.  Harper. 

DUPUY,  ERNEST.  Great  masters  of  Russian  literature  in 
the  nineteenth  century;  translated  by  Nathan  Haskell 
Dole.  Scribner,  N.  Y.  $1.25. 

A  study  of  the  works  of  Gogol,  Turgenief  and  Tolstoi. 
N.  Dupuy  shows  rare  skill  in  his  analysis  of  the  great  books 
of  these  three  authors,  and  in  his  selection  of  characteristic 
quotations. 

HAPGOOD,  ISABEL  F.  Survey  of  Russian  literature;  with 
selections.  Chautauqua  Press,  Chautauqua,  N.  Y., 
1902.  Out  of  print. 

The  book  gives  "exclusively  the  views  of  Russian  critics 
upon  their  literature." — Preface. 

KROPOTKIN,  PRINCE  PETER  A.  Russian  literature.  Mc- 
Clure,  Phillips  &  Co.,  N.  Y.,  1905.  Out  of  print. 
(See  Kropotkin.  Ideals  and  realities.) 

KROPOTKIN,  PRINCE  PETER  A.  Ideals  and  realities  in 
Russian  literature.  Knopf,  N.  Y.,  1915.  $1.50. 


RUSSIAN   LITERATURE  5! 

This  is  the  same  text  with  the  same  paging  as  Kropotkin. 
Russian  literature. 

The  book  "is  intended  to  give  only  a  broad  general  idea  of 
the  subject,  the  chief  attention  being  concentrated  on  modern 
literature." — Preface. 

PARDO-BAZAN,  EMILIA.  Russia:  its  people  and  its  litera- 
ture ;  translated  by  Fanny  Hale  Gardiner.  A.  C.  Mc- 
Clurg  &  Co.,  Chicago,  1899.  Out  of  print 

The  chief  interest  of  this  text  is  that  it  covers  the  rise  of 
the  Russian  novel  and  modern  Russian  realism. 

PERSKY,  SERGE.  Contemporary  Russian  novelists ;  trans- 
lated by  Frederick  Eismann.  John  W.  Luce,  Boston, 
1913.  *$1.50. 

"The  principal  aim  of  this  book  is  to  give  the  reader  a 
good  general  knowledge  of  Russian  literature  as  it  is  to-day. 
The  author  has  subordinated  purely  critical  material,  because 
he  wants  his  readers  to  form  their  own  judgments  and  criti- 
cism for  themselves." — Preface. 

PHELPS,  WILLIAM  LYON.  Essays  on  Russian  novelists. 
Macmillan,  N.  Y.,  1911.  *$1.50. 

"The  essays  combine  happily  biographical  details  and  schol- 
arly criticism,  and  have  a  personal  flavor  that  will  add  to  their 
interest  for  the  average  reader." — A.  L.  A.  Booklist. 

TURNER,  CHARLES  EDWARD.  Studies  in  Russian  litera- 
ture. Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co.,  London,  1882. 
Out  of  print. 

The  book  was  written  to  make  the  English  reader  acquain- 
ted with  the  tendencies  of  modern  Russian  literature.  It  is 
a  series  of  monographs  on  Russian  writers  down  to  Nekrasoff. 

VOGUE,  E.  M.  DE.  The  Russian  novel ;  translated  by  H. 
A.  Sawyer.  Knopf,  N.  Y.,  1916.  .$3. 

"A  critical  study  of  incomparable  delicacy"  of  Pushkin, 
Gogol,  Turgeneff,  Dostoyevsky  and  Tolstoy. 

"None  of  us  can  fail  to  recall  the  effect  of  a  work  which 
has  been  one  of  the  most  powerfully  influential  products  of 
literary  criticism  in  the  nineteenth  century.  I  mean  of  course, 
the  "Roman  Russe"  of  the  Viconte  E.  M.  de  Vogue.  ^  ...  In 
such  a  rare  book  as  "Le  Roman  Russe"  criticism  rises  to  its 
highest  function  and  becomes  a  creative  art." — Edmund  Gosse. 

VOGUE,  E.  M.  DE.  The  Russian  novelists;  translated  by 
Jane  Loring  Edwards.  D.  Lothrop  Co.,  Boston. 
[c!887].  Out  of  print. 

This  is  the  same  original  text  as  Vogue.  The  Russian 
novel.  The  translators  only  are  different. 


52  STUDY  OUTLINE  ON 

WALISZEWSKI,  K.  History  of  Russian  literature.  Apple- 
ton,  N.  Y.,  1900.  *$1.50. 

"It  is  brilliant,  biased,  full  of  luminous  exposition  and 
ludicrous  error.  It  is  all  that  a  history  of  literature  should 
be  and  all  that  one  should  not  be." — Christian  Brinton. 

WIENER,  LEO.  Anthology  of  Russian  literature  from  the 
earliest  period  to  the  present  time.  Putnam,  N.  Y., 
1902-03.  2  v.  each  *$3. 

"A  work  of  great  value  for  all  the  English-speaking  lovers 
of  Russian  literature.  .  .  .  The  first  volume  contains  a  rich 
selection  from  the  earliest  documents  of  Russian  literature — 
the  annals,  the  epic  songs,  the  lyric  folk-songs,  etc.,  as  also 
from  the  writers  of  the  seventeenth  and  the  eighteenth  cen- 
turies. .  .  .  The  second  volume  contains  abstracts,  with  short 
introductory  notes  and  a  full  bibliography,  from  all  the  chief 
authors  of  the  nineteenth  century." — Prince  Kropotkin. 

WOLKOWSKY,  PRINCE  SERGE.  Pictures  of  Russian  his- 
tory and  Russian  literature.  (Lowell  lectures.) 
Lamson,  WolfTe  &  Co.,  Boston,  1898.  Out  of  print. 


RECOMMENDED  TEXTS 

CHEKHOV,  ANTON.  The  darling  and  other  stories; 
translated  by  Constance  Garnett.  Macmillan,  N.  Y., 
1916.  *$1.50. 

CHEKHOV,  ANTON.  Plays ;  second  series ;  translated  with 
an  introduction  by  Julius  West.  Scribner,  N.  Y., 
1916.  *$1.50. 

DOSTOEVSKI,  FEODOR.  Crime  and  punishment ;  with  intro- 
duction by  L.  Irving.  (Everyman's  Library.)  But- 
ton, N.  Y.,  1911.  *40e. 

DOSTOEVSKI,  FEODOR.  Poor  folk;  and  The  gambler; 
translated  by  C.  J.  Hogarth.  (Everyman's  library.) 
Dutton,  N.  Y.,  1915.  *40c. 

GOGOL,  NIKOLAY.  Dead  souls ;  translated  from  the  Rus- 
sian, with  an  introduction  by  Stephen  Graham. 
(Everyman's  library.)  Dutton,  N.  Y.,  1915.  *40c. 

GOGOL,  NIKOLAY.  Inspector-general ;  translated  and 
edited  by  A.  A.  Sykes.  Simmons,  N.  Y.,  40c. 


RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  53 

GOGOL,  NIKOLAY.  Tavas  Bulba ;  a  tale  of  the  Cossacks ; 
translated  from  the  Russian ;  with  an  introduction  by 
Stephen  Graham.  (Everyman's  library,)  Button, 
N.  Y.,  1915.  *40c. 

GORKY,  MAXIM.  Twenty-six  men  and  a  girl  and  other 
stories ;  translated  from  the  Russian  by  Emily  Jakow- 
leff  and  Dora  B.  Montefiore,  with  an  introduction  by 
Edward  Garnett.  (Reader's  library.)  Stokes,  N.  Y., 
1916.  *$1.25. 

TCHEKHOV,  ANTON.    See  Chekhov,  Anton. 

TOLSTOY,  LEO  N.  Anna  Karenina ;  newly  translated  with 
an  introduction  by  Rochelle  S.  Townsend.  (Every- 
man's library.)  Button,  N.  Y.,  1913.  2  v.  each  *40c. 

TOLSTOY,  LEO  N.  Master  and  man,  and  other  parables 
and  tales;  translated  by  CD.  S.  Hogarth  and  C. 
Garnett.  (Everyman's  library.)  Button,  N.  Y., 
1910.  *40c. 

TOLSTOY,  LEO  N.  War  and  peace.  (Everyman's  library.) 
Button,  N.  Y.  3  v.  each  *40c. 

TURGENEV,  IVAN  S.  Liza;  translated  from  the  Russian 
by  W.  R.  S.  Ralston.  (Everyman's  library.)  Button, 
N.  Y.,  1914.  *40c. 

TURGENEV,  IVAN  S.  Fathers  and  children ;  translated  by 
Constance  Garnett.  Macmillan,  N.  Y.,  1916.  *$1. 


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